Advanced Database Management System Project Essay

INTRODUCTION Background of the Study This study is about the grading system in English of grade thee to grade six students of Tambo Munti Kulit Elemantary School, under the guidance of Mrs. Gina G. Espineli, teacher of English. The school is located at barangay Tambo Munti Kulit, Indang, Cavite. The public school is also under the Department of Education (well-known as DepEd). VISION Tambo Munti Kulit Elementary School is committed to educate the youth of Cavite for the new millennium, to exercise dynamic, proactive and innovative leadership It shall be a school wherein leaders are developed to become competent and responsible members of the Filipino society; equipped with maximum potentials so that they shall be valued and respected in the global community; responsive to the demands of a technologically advancing society; and who are above all, humane and morally upright. It shall continuously serve by its philosophy of â€Å"Quality Education for All† and shall always be guided by its goal of â€Å"living up to a national culture of excellence†. MISSION Tambo Munti Kulit Elementary school is committed to provide knowledge and values necessary for the attainment of higher academic performance. It will provide youth and adults with habits and skills needed for life-long learning and deliver effective services for the common good. Problems addressed by the DBMS Pre-DBMS Typographical Error: Misspelled words caused by rapid input of data as they have to pass it to the higher department as soon as urgent. Time-wasting: It can take a while to manually add or search data. Improper classification of data: It is difficult to sort lots of data into groups. Misplace of Data: There are some cases that the records can be lost or misplaced making it hard to retrieve. Limited: They cannot create back-ups, as they have to take it a long time. Not Secured: There’s only one authorized room to place all of data. Current DBMS Crashing program and cannot be retrieved: One of the problems that is caused by bugs. Slow process of data: This is due to low memory (mostly hardware problems) Typographical Error: Misspelled words caused by rapid input of data as they have to pass it to the higher department as soon as urgent. Creator of the System The Grading system is provided by the Department of Education The Department of Education was established through the Education Decree of 1863 as the Superior Commission of Primary Instruction under a Chairman. The Education agency underwent many reorganization efforts in the 20th century in order to better define its purpose vis a vis the changing administrations and charters. The present day Department of Education was eventually mandated through Republic Act 9155, otherwise known as the Governance of Basic Education act of 2001 which establishes the mandate of this agency. The Department of Education (DepEd) formulates, implements, and coordinates policies, plans, programs and projects in the areas of formal and non-formal basic education. It supervises all elementary and secondary education institutions, including alternative learning systems, both public and private; and provides for the establishment and maintenance of a complete, adequate, and integrated system of basic educat ion relevant to the goals of national development. The Grading System in English consists the following: Quizzes: 15% Recitation: 20% Performance: 15% Theme: 10% Homework: 5% Project: 10% ————————————————- Periodical Exam: 25% Total: 100% Improvements with the use of the DBMS DESIGN AND CODING Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Relational Schema Queries used Query| Description| select* from tblstudent;| displays all data from tbl student| select* from tblquizzes;| displays all data from tblquizzes| select* from tblhomework;| displays all data from tblhomework| select* from tbltheme;| displays all data from tbltheme| select* from tblothers;| displays all data from tblothers| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblquizzes.quiz_no as â€Å"Quiz Number†, tblquizzes.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tblquizzes on tblstudent.sid=tblquizzes.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together with its quizzes( quiz number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblhomework.homework_no as â€Å"Homework Number†, tblhomework.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tblhomework on tblstudent.sid=tblhomework.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together with its homeworks( homework number number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tbltheme.theme_no as â€Å"Theme Number†, tbltheme.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tbltheme on tblstudent.sid=tbltheme.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together wit h its themes( theme number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.reci_grade as â€Å"Recitation† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of student, and its recitation grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.perf_grade as â€Å"Performance† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, and its performance grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.proj_grade as â€Å"Project† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, and its project grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.peri_grade as â€Å"Periodical† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the grade of the s tudent, and its periodical exam grade.| mysql> select tblstudent.sid , tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblstudent.fname as â€Å"FirstName†, tblstudent.mname as â€Å"Middle Name†, tblstudent.level as â€Å"Grade†, avg(tblquizzes.grad e) as â€Å"Quizzes†, tblothers.reci_grade as â€Å"Recitation†, tblothers.perf_grade as â€Å"Performance†, avg(tbltheme.grade) as â€Å"Themes†, avg(tblhomework.grade) as â€Å"Homework†, tblothers.proj_ grade as â€Å"Project†, tblothers.peri_grade as â€Å"Periodical†, ((avg(tblquizzes.grade)*0.15)+(tblothers.reci_grade*0.20)+(tblothers.perf_grade*0.15)+(avg(tbltheme.grade)*0.10)+(avg(tblh omework.grade)*0.05)+(tblothers.proj_grade*0.10)+(tblothers.peri_grade*0.25)) as â€Å"Final† -> from tblstudent -> inner join tblquizzes on tblstudent.sid=tblquizzes.sid -> inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid -> inner join tblhomework on tblstudent.sid=tblhomework.sid -> inner join tbltheme on tblstudent.sid=tbltheme.sid -> group by sid -> order by lname;| displays the student umber, last name, first name, middle name, grade, quizzes, recitation, performance, themes, homework, project, periodical exam, and laso the final grade based on the formula given by the department of educaton.| RECOMMENDATION Appendices Screenshots Data Dictionary < This will contain the tables and field names of your subject. > Ex. STUDENT | Field Name| Data type| Description| S_fname | Text| First name of the student| S_age| Number| Age of the student| Interview Images < This will contain the images that shows the interview conducted with the subject. > Interview questionaire < Questionnaire/s used for obtaining the information for this research >

Cases in Financial Management Essay

Case Synopsis Founded in 1984 Laurentian Bakeries Inc. operates in the industry of manufacturing a vast variety of frozen baked products within their three operating plants in Montreal, Winnipeg and Toronto. The operating plants produce items such as frozen pizza in Winnipeg, MB, pies in Montreal, QC and Cakes in Toronto, ON- with each representing 30%, 30% and 40% of the total revenue stream respectively. The buyers for this company include large institutional clients such domino’s pizza, etc. which have a significantly higher level of power whereas the seller of the products consists of several food producers which have a relatively low level of power. With the cost of setting up a plant of this scale being high, substitute products will also remain high in the market causing the overall profit margin to be low. With the company’s ongoing effort for continuous improvement Danielle Knowles (VP of operations) proposed to expand one of the operating plants in Winnipeg-which was based on the opportunity if the company expanded into the U.S. market. Statement The statement of the problem is how Danielle Knowles will prepare a capital project expenditure proposal to expand the company’s frozen pizza plant in Winnipeg; which is consistent and in line with the company’s capital allocation policy. The proposal should also satisfy the company’s continuous effort for improvement, identification of lost opportunities, satisfaction of HR and environmental impacts and provide sufficient ROI. Situational Analysis The strengths of the company are clearly visible through the company’s effective operations and reputable image in the industry. Being one of the top five in the industry, Laurentian Bakeries has established themselves as a dominant player in the market; however, with a shortage in capacity it can  potentially overpower the strengths due to its negative impact on the company. This includes a decrease in sales and potential decreases in retailer support. Nevertheless, with the acknowledgement of a capacity shortage and an opportunity to expand and grow in the U.S. market the company seems to be in good standing. Moving aside to a different area amongst the competition, all the products are similar which indicate there is heavy competition. The presence of numerous suppliers makes this industry highly competitive, as a result, there is high aggression amongst competitors. This is a leading factor that indicates this is not an attractive business to be in. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths * Danielle Knowles has experience in the food industry for 13 years. This is a great benefit for the company, because she is able to use her knowledge and experience and apply it for Laurentian Bakeries in order to improve operations or even avoid errors. This in return can potentially save the company from incurring additional expenses. * Danielle has her Master’s in Business Administration which indicates that she is educated and has the credentials to maintain her position as the VP of operations. Also, Danielle is able to use that knowledge and apply it to everyday operations of the company. * Laurentian has above average consideration for human resource and environmental impacts. This benefits the company to the extent that it creates a public awareness which shows their commitment to the community which in return can potentially be used as a marketing tool to attract more sales. * Laurentian company is one of the five large firms that produce frozen foods dominating 21% of the market. This indicates that they are a dominant player in the market and have survived many difficulties from various competitions. * Well established and profitable company which indicates that they have survived one full economic cycle and have withstood their competition. * The company has a diversified revenue stream with three operating plants located in major cities which are not as risky as a single revenue stream. * All three segments are profitable. * Low cost pizza producer which is helping to expand into the US. Market. * Laurentian Bakeries has an integrated workforce such as sales, marketing, etc. for all of their operating plants. Weakness * Shortage of capacity. If this weakness is not dealt with the company can face losses in their sales because of the shortage. This in return lowers the overall profit of the company and can potentially decrease buyers if they cannot meet the demand due to the shortage. * Class 1 products are too risky and by taking such a great risk any wrong doing can have a negative impact on the company. Opportunities * Arrangement to supply large U.S. based grocery chain with private label brand. If the opportunity is taken to its advantage the company can potentially see higher figures in sales and profits. * Since U.S. pizza consumption is 3x bigger than the Canadian segment the overall US market is bigger which can potentially lead to a higher market share. * Within N.A. the economy is recovering modestly and is expected to grow. This indicates that consumer spending on discretionary items such as food products will remain strong. Threats * Inflation is forecasted to remain between 3-5%. This may cause interest rates to rise causing the cost of capital to increase higher than its current level. Capital projects such as expansion may suffer. * North American growth rate of gross domestic product slowed down which may lower the company sales. * Threat of new entrants will increase competition and is always a factor that makes the sales aggressive. * Health Conscious consumers will potentially affect sales due to the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries are considered â€Å"unhealthy.† With on-going health awareness the products offered by Laurentian Bakeries might not meet the changing demand of consumers. Porter’s Five Forces Buyer’s Power * Mixed Power. * There are two types of buyers: large institutional buyers such as  domino’s pizza & pizza pizza as well as large retailers. Thousands of smaller clients have less power because of their current low clientele base. Supplier Power * Low Power. * Pizza suppliers distribute production to pizza stores, restaurants and grocery chain stores. Since there are numerous suppliers in the market for ingredients such as cheese, flour, vegetables, etc. they have low power. Barriers to Entrant * High * Due to high capital costs, skilled workforces, environmental regulations, high distribution channels, entry into this industry is high. Threat of Substitute * High * The products offered by Laurentian such as their Pizza can be made at home or even purchased fresh from fast food restaurants. Also they can easily be substituted for other products such as calzone, sandwiches, tacos, etc. Competition * High * There is high competition for the items offered by Laurentian Bakers. Competition for their pizza baked items can easily be substituted through franchised restaurants such as Pizza Pizza, Boston Pizza, Pizza Hut, etc. also competition is high through other companies offering the same goods. In addition, this company is also competing against other food products rather than frozen pizza alone. Financial Analysis Financial Summary: Laurentian Bakeries is seeing a cash increase from $6.2 million in 1993 to almost double its value of $13.1 million in 1995. At the same time long term debt for the company has increased by $7.23 million which indicated that Laurentian Bakeries is funded by its long term debt and has not utilized its cash and therefore has incurred additional interest expenses. Moving over to the sales figures, Laurentian Bakeries has seen an increase of 11% from 1993-95; however, net income is flat which indicates that their COGS and operating expenses have also risen almost at the same pace as sales. This setback has no advantage to the shareholders. Alternatives 1. Continue original plans to continue expansion in Winnipeg. 2. Build a plant in U.S. to cater to that market. 3. Buy an existing plant. 4. Expand the Toronto plant as it is the strongest plant for the company. Recommendations By carefully analyzing all the alternatives, we recommend alternative one as the best fit solution to this company due to it being most practical at the company’s current situation. We strongly believe that continuing original plans to expand in Winnipeg is the beneficial solution for the company as they already produce the same type of products and have the additional land to carry forward the expansion, because this plant is a low cost producer and is ideal to utilize the U.S private label sector. In addition, this alternative is beneficial because it is consistent with the company’s overall objectives. Given the discount rate of 18% and a $5.2 million capital investment the NPV of the expected cash flow is positive. Moreover, recommendation one is the best suited for this company because: * There is land readily available in Winnipeg. This can save the company some money in terms of the expansion because these will incur less of an expense due to Laurentian owning the extra land space. * Building a plant in U.S. will require a lot of capital, additional expenses for hiring, training, etc., and potential change in production, management or other techniques due to different regulations in U.S. * Expanding in Toronto will also require additional capital and additional time to hire and train the workforce to produce the pizza products which aren’t produced in the Toronto facility.

COM 5 informal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COM 5 informal report - Essay Example We all were exceedingly happy and anxious to board the plane to Japan. We woke up early that morning and were well prepared to leave United States to Japan. We boarded the plane, Japanese Airline, at 7oclock in the morning on 2nd August and took 8 hours to Japan. At the plane, the stewards and hostesses were exceptionally courteous and hospitable. We were served with drinks and snacks by the stewards and hostesses. On arrival, we were welcomed by airline staff members and taken to the hotel rooms where we would spend the night. The next morning we visited Mitsubishi Motor Company where we interviewed several employees and observed their conduct. Through my interview with Hiroshima Kumamoto, I noted that Japanese companies appraise upholding harmony and excellent reputation with customers and the community in general. Culturally Japan values patience, politeness, hard work, honesty, affiliation and team work. Different cultural settings have different ways of communicating. In reference to Locker and Kiensler (2010), Japanese treasure sitting in silence and calmness (p. 132). They regard United States propensity to squirm and shift as a signal of spiritual and mental balance deficiency. Audiences and interviewers react negatively to restlessness. Japanese use body language to indicate attributes such as respect, confidence, agreement, interest and emotional participation. Moreover, I established that Japanese employees take pleasure in a paternalistic association with their employers and work for one company for all their life. This opposes the Western Companies who try to motivate their workers to maintain the same job. The next day we visited Toyota Motor Company where we established that, In Japan, employee promotion is not based on merit (Locker & Kiensler, 2010, p. 135). This is in contrast to the western primary basis of promoting workers. An employee’s age is the most essential

Business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business environment - Essay Example 2009, p. 98). UK house prices have shown strong growth within nominal as well as real terms from since 1998, particularly when contrasted with earlier house price phases. An important justification for this appreciation lays in the development of basic demand issues, most significantly the increase in standard household incomes and the drop in standard mortgage interest rates. This increased both the ability to finance housing and households' capacity to service a bigger mortgage for set earnings. Lessening of mortgage lending limitations as well as a liking prejudice towards home ownership as well appear seem to have supported house price demand, however increasing demand for owner occupied housing further seems to incorporate a major â€Å"quasi speculative† (Andrews?2009, p. 103) component, motivates by beliefs of earlier capital benefits carrying on in the upcoming times. Answer 2: In equilibrium, the rate of renting a home should be equal to the price of owning it and hen ce to the actual client cost of accommodation, this technique represented an asset-pricing approach. Interest rates not just control the debt service price of funding a house acquisition, they as well modify the discount factor for evaluating the return on capital, and hence this should be negatively correlated with house costs. Within the UK effectual mortgage rates drifted downwards considerably during the 1998 and 2007, the phase where house costs goes up on their fastest. The similar downhill drift is marked for estimated mortgage charges, which relate to fresh borrowers. Because of comparatively steady inflation rates all over this phase the paths of nominal as well as actual interest rates â€Å"moved in lockstep† (Andrews?2009, p. 187), so that both the nominal and real weight of mortgage borrowing â€Å"fell in parallel†, decreasing the cost of debt sponsored home ownership for a set levels of earnings as well as house prices. Demand altering aspects, for insta nce, population or income development should be shown in increasing rental fees and house costs if rental fees precisely reveal the accurate expenditure for space, in which case surplus demand for housing facilities need not considerably have an effect on the price-to-rent ratio. Demand alterations linked with income and population growth had formed majority of the upward shift. Answer 3: On its most fundamental level, study of the course of UK house prices should start with a difference amid housing demand and supply, as well as issues deciding alterations in demand and supply. One of the conservative hypothetical structures for modeling house prices is an ‘inverted demand function approach’, whereby house prices are described as a function of the â€Å"physical housing stock, real income and other demand shifters† (Smith & Searle, 2010, p. 166). Changing factors incorporate population increase in addition to other demographic alterations, the ease of use of cre dit, interest rates, as well as likely or delayed appreciation; housing supply is normally â€Å"assumed fixed in the short term† (Smith & Searle, 2010, p. 98), which requires that demand alterations settle on house prices as an interim measure. The key basis of increased quantity demand for housing, that is, the need for further housing units, is alters within the total amount of households, and this will under plausible suppositions is likely to bid up house prices. Expansion in the quantity of households either can be because

E-learning through Virtual Field Trips Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-learning through Virtual Field Trips - Essay Example Here the word 'virtual' means "delivered via the Internet" (qtd. in Lai 135) and not taken to mean that it is an unreal experience. "VFTs involve electronic travel, via the Internet, beyond the classroom in either place or time, for the purpose of learning." (Hovell 135). By this definition, VFT can be classified as a form of e-learning. In designing e-learning programs, the delivery of the programs can either be in the (a) synchronous mode, where using technologies such as videoconferencing, interaction with remotely located students is made possible or (b) asynchronous method, using CBTs and WBTs, students work on the lessons independently. It is especially important to consider the merits of an e-learning program with respect to all aspects of the system - the learners, the instructors, access to technology, cost-benefit, value addition to the curriculum, intangible benefits etc. Apart from the challenges posed by virtue of being a form of distance education, e-learning warrants a different attitude to learning relying heavily on the ease of use of the underlying technology. The "Ten Benefits of Learners" (Broadbent 31) include: understanding and recall during online discussions, caters to a wide range of learners with different learning styles, easy access to learning material independent of time and place, ... The purpose of this paper is to: - Introduce the basic concepts and principle of VFT - Provide an overview of how to design a VFT by applying principles in e-learning - Describe the LEARNZ program as working example of VFT - Offer a conclusion regarding the value of VFT as an e-learning tool. Basic Concepts of VFT A Virtual Field Trip is an alternative to an actual field trip and not a substitute. VFTs offer an almost realistic experience by presenting 'an interrelated collection of images, supporting text and/or other media, delivered electronically over the World Wide Web, in a format that can be professionally presented to relate the essence of a visit .." (qtd. in Lai 136). "Bellan & Scheurman (2001) look on virtual and actual field trips 'as complimentary components in a powerful instructional approach' to learning. VFTs can serve as preparatory pre-visit motivators.. and focus attention on things students will see on the actual field trip" (Hovell 137). The essential components of VFT are: data collected during the trip, text used for descriptions, multimedia used for audiovisual effects and the technology that form the 'interactive components'. A logical and dynamic combination of these components, deliver the experience of an actual field trip to a location otherwise inaccessible for study to everyday learners, such the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean or the architectural marvels of the Egyptian pyramids. The primary entities in the VFT program are: the students, the instructors, the Technology and the curriculum (the learning). Every entity in the system has an important role to play and is inter-connected with every

Other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Other - Essay Example However, Tough’s portrayal of Geoffrey Canada’s passion to change the prevailing perspective that I share with millions of other people in America made me sit up in awe, curious to find out if his grand plans for Harlem’s children will work. His promising idea begins with very early interventions, even as early as from the womb, and to empower parents with the right skills to raise their children well. Canada is interested in combining educational, social, and medical services to help all children to grow up with the right foundations regardless of their family’s socio-economic status (4). He envisions that the only way to solve the problem of poverty in America is to â€Å"transform every aspect of the environment that poor children were growing up in; to change the way their families raised them and the way their schools taught them as well as the character of the neighborhood that surrounded them† (19-20). It would seem like a tall order, but com e to think of it, it does make sense to start a-fresh with people who are appropriately trained to combat poverty as they grow up to be intelligent, compassionate and productive citizens. My mindset before reading this book was that it is society’s fault that poverty is so widespread. The cause of the deterioration of morals is mainly due to people’s need to acquire their basic needs from a society that does not give them enough opportunities to live a high quality of life just because they are poor and uneducated. This book has caused in me a paradigm shift that problems should be addressed from the grassroots level, in this case, from childhood or earlier on. To be dependent on society or government would only be setting oneself for failure if one does not do anything out of his own initiative. Children should develop their skills early on so they can be self-reliant. Tough echoes this: â€Å"Skill begets skill; learning begets learning. Early disadvantage, if left

Carrier's Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Carrier's Liability - Essay Example This case study will analyze various aspects of Hague-Visby Rules, which involve group of international laws for the international carriage of goods by sea. Possible Causes of Ship Grounding Ship grounding is a marine accident that may lead to severe damages to the vessel as well as to the carriages. All the ports cannot accommodate all ship sizes since the depth of sea varies from port to port. For instance, although the New York port is one of the world’s busiest ports, it cannot allow ships with higher tonnage to enter the port because of its low draft. Sometimes, accumulation of silt and mud near the ports reduces draft and it may lead to ship grounding. It is also identified that an unpredictable change in tides may also cause such marine accidents. Various past incidents show that human error is the main cause of grounding accidents. Insufficient information about the port and navigational waterways may result in severe grounding accidents. â€Å"Sheer maneuvering negli gence and improper retaliations at the time of grounding has been the root cause of major accidents† (Improved maritime Educatio & Training). ... As reported in nzherald.co.nz (2011), the grounding of the Spirit of Resolution, owned by Pacifica shipping, on 3rd February 2011 can be attributed to power failure. Hague-Visby Rules As Carr (2010, p. 231) points out, the Hague-Visby Rules represent a group of global policies for the international carriage of goods by sea. The official title for the Hague-Visby Rules is â€Å"International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading,† and this set of rules was drafted in 1924. These rules were amended in 1968 and in 1979. The basic idea behind the Hague-Visby Rules is that a shipper has less bargaining power than the carrier. Therefore, the law has to impose minimum obligations on the carrier in order to protect the interests of the cargo owner. From the given case description, it is clear that the carrier (owners of the Sea Chariot) had issued one bill of lading for the entire cargo and this document involves the application of Hague-Vi sby Rules. Possible Arguments for Carrier Since this case comes under the Hague-Visby Rules, the carrier must prove that he has met all responsibilities and liabilities described in the Article III of the Hague-Visby Rules. The Article III contains eight sections which specify different responsibilities and liabilities of the carrier. According to the Article III, before the beginning of the voyage, the carrier must exercise due diligence in order to make the ship seaworthy and to ensure that all precautions are taken to secure the carriages. Hence, the carrier may argue that the ship was seaworthy and he had carried out loading, handling, and discharge of carriage goods properly. Similarly, Article IV of the

Business assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business assessment - Assignment Example Recommendations 15 8. References 16 9. Appendix 19 1.0 Introduction Purpose of the Report The purpose of this report is to provide a critical comparative analysis of two organisations in the way they are operated and managed. This is to help us in discovering what causes success or failure for organisations and how different organisations adapt to dynamic environment. Organisations not flexible enough to adapt to the environment are unable to attract and retain talented employees or take advantage of available opportunities hence cannot achieve organisational effectiveness. Scope of the Report To analyse the operation and management of the two organisations the report will consider how they are structured and designed so as to show the interrelationships between roles and departments and lines of authority. Secondly, report will cover organisation of work especially the use of teams and team working. Thirdly, it will analyse the approaches to leadership and management adopted by the organisations as this determines their success or failure. The report will then analyse the organisational culture and its impact on the organisations operations and lastly, conclusions and recommendations will be made on how to improve operations and management. Organisations Background Biogenta is a manufacturing company producing crop-protection products and whose mission is to be the most trusted provider of crop-protection products in the world. It has manufacturing facilities in 10 countries and employees in over 80 countries. Contrary to popular belief that large size companies are bureaucratic in nature, Biogenta has an organic structure and a matrix design where individuals belong to a functional area and a project team. The chief executive officer, Jane Morgan is an effective leader and manager whose encouragement of creativity and innovation has pushed the company to greater heights. The company has a very strong culture which emphasizes on learning and development, diver sity and corporate social responsibility. Outback Inc is a traditional organisation run by family members. It offers tourism services to wide range of clients and operates in a very turbulent environment. Being a small organisation, it is expected to have an organic structure but instead, it is bureaucratic in nature with a functional design and little or no teamwork. Creativity and innovation is hindered by its autocratic leadership style. The company has no vision or mission and has a high turnover culture due to lack of opportunity for advancement and employee voice. 2.0 Organisational Design and Structure Benowitz (2011, p.70) defines an organization structure as â€Å"the configuration and interrelationships of positions and departments†. An organisation design on the other hand, is the change of an organization structure to enable it to respond effectively to environmental changes. A poor organization design and structure can lead to lack of co-ordination among function s, slow decision making, and role confusion (Corkindale, 2011). Types of Organisation structure An organisation structure is determined by the degree of complexity, formalisation, and centralisation. Complexity reflects the amount of differentiation in an organisation; formalisation shows the degree to which an organisation uses rules and procedures to direct behaviour while centralisation reflects how power and authority is distributed in an organisation. Gitman and McDaniel (2008) recognise two kinds of

The Role of Programme Assistant and Casting Director Essay

The Role of Programme Assistant and Casting Director - Essay Example The author describes how he encountered numerous obstacles in making the micro-blog movie. It was challenging to get the right actors and best shooting locations, there were power fluctuations, and he struggled to organize the scenes. However, the researcher worked very hard to complete the micro-blog movie in almost 2 weeks. Luckily, his camera operator had immense experience in this field and helped him a lot to capture the best shots. Indeed, the researcher enjoyed the shooting process very much as he experienced new shooting tricks. The author organized his crew well and maximized the available time. However, the researcher underestimated the huge editing work and collaborated with his crew to make a clear, organized, and focused movie. The author spent his nights editing the movie. He appreciated the contributions of the entire crew in making the movie. Ultimately, the researcher was pleased with the final copy though he is certain he can do better in the future. The author pass ed the micro-blog movie to a professional casting director who made few recommendations. From this experience, the researcher learned that he is a good team leader, quick learner, and a good time manager. The author also learned that he has immense interest in film production that he should pursue to a higher level.

The opening scene Essay Example for Free

The opening scene Essay Romeo Juliet was a play written by William Shakespeare when plays were the main source of entertainment, which if disliked by audiences would end up in actors being hit by rotten fruit and vegetables. With that in mind Shakespeare devised openings to his plays, which gripped the audience immediately with drama, action or humour. For Romeo Juliet he chose to capture his audiences with humour, which is set during a conversation between two Capulet servants Sampson Gregory. They discuss the hatred they share for their rival family the Montagues. The Montagues Capulets are two equal families with a history of blood and violence, destroying the civilisation of Verona. However the teenagers of both families fall in love in a relationship, which could never be because of the rivalry. Thus beginning the story of Rome Juliet. The prologue of the play is just a basic introduction to the play, which gives an outline of the familys history and sets the scene for the play. In the prologue the families are described as two households both a like in dignity showing that however much hate there is between them they will always be the same. It also mentions an ancient grudge and that civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Telling us for years the blood and violence shared between them has destroyed the civilisation of Verona. It also introduces the love, of Romeo Juliet, that could never be. Their love in the prologue is described as a pair of star crossed lovers take their lives thus giving away the ending of the story and completing the full title THE TRADGEDY OF ROMEO JULIET At the start of Act 1 Scene 1 Samson Gregory the servants of the Capulets grip the attention of the audience with a conversation consisting of a string of sexual innuendoes. In the conversation they refer to acts of a sexual nature, which they would bestow upon the maids of Montague given the opportunity and refer to taking the maids virginity as taking their maidenheads. This is intended to grip the audience; as such humour would have been regarded highly back then. This kind of opening seen would keep the audiences attention as they would want to stay to see if the play would go on in the manner in which it has began. During the conversation two servants of the Capulet house, Benvolio Tybalt two very opposite men, meet them. Benvolio is a peacekeeping man who fears the death of himself or someone close to him, in these regular battles. On the other hand Tybalt is a violence crazed, Montague hater who says I hate the word as I hate hell refereeing to the Montague family name and showing how strong his hatred is for the family. However his love of violence is his downfall as Romeo seeks revenge for the death of his close friend Mercutio. The Capulet servants are then joined by two other serving men, one being Abram. The two families then descend into an argument over an offensive thumb biting gesture made by Samson. After a brief argument Samson orders the Capulets to draw there swords, saying draw if you be men enticing them to draw by insulting their status should they refuse battle. Shakespeare uses short sentences here to build up the tension between the families also making it a fast paced scene. However the brawl is interrupted by Prince Escalus who is furious that yet another brawl has broken out in the streets of Verona between the two families over an airy word meaning that the two families have been brawling for meaningless reasons. He describes their rage in a metaphorical term fire of your pernicious rage and goes on to describe the men as beasts. Which is followed by a threat to the Heads of the houses, Lord Montague Lord Capulet, If ever you disturb the our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit warning the Lords that if any of their servants disturb Veronas streets they shall be sentenced to the Death Penalty. Romeo is a very unhappy man at the start of the play as he is sulking over being rejected by Rosaline and grieves by locking himself in his room in total darkness. He describes the way in which he the rejection has affected him with confusing images, and use of oxymorons reflecting his state of mind of being confused feather of lead, bright smoke this shows who heart break is affecting him mentally. Romeos mother and Benvolio discuss Romeos behaviour as he has been avoiding his family and friends and his mother becomes increasingly concerned about his behaviour O where is Romeo? Saw you him today? not even his mother knows what is going on with him. This tells us Romeo is a very secretive man who keeps his problems to himself. Benvolio then has a plan to relieve Romeo from his sulking and tells him to Examine other beauties so that he can lure him away from sulking in his room to admire the beauty of other fine women and not sulk for the rest of his life over one girl. Romeo manages to release all his rage however in a vendetta to seek revenge on Tybalt for the death of Mercutio and falls in love with another beauty the teenager daughter of the Capulets but is so madly in love that when a plan for Juliets heart to stop and Romeo to meet up with her but the message never reached Romeo in tie and took himself to the place of Juliets rest and takes poison at which point Juliet recovers only to take the rest of the poison to be with her lover. The two families then decide to settle their differences because of the death of their star crossed lovers Throughout the play Shakespeare illustrates his impressive writing skills by leaving the audience on edge from time to time and leaving them asking questions what will happen next in the storyline. From Act 1 Scene 1 alone the audience are left asking themselves many questions will there be more fighting? , Will the Lords pay the forfeit of life? , Will Romeo find love? , Will there be any more humour? This is a particularly good introduction to the play as within minutes of the start there is plenty to keep the audience enticed.

Objectives and methods of Lean Manufacturing

Objectives and methods of Lean Manufacturing 1. INTRODUCTION This report is a broad introduction to Lean Manufacturing. Lean manufacturing is a group of methods which are being gradually more implemented around the world and the greater competitiveness for manufactures. This assignment report reviews the main objectives of lean manufacturing and the method of eliminating waste. The organisational, operational and human barriers that need to solve to achieve the successful lean manufacturing strategy. The challenges and problems faced by the company named Bajaj Motors in terms of quality of its process and the brief knowledge of the main approaches of lean manufacturing like Kaizen, Just-in-time, Total quality management (TQM) and Six sigma to achieve a successful organisation. 1.1 LEAN MANUFACTURING Radhakrishnan (2008) states that Lean manufacturing is a systematic phenomenon to determine and eliminate the transportation waste, waste of time, waste of human resource and other waste. In Lean manufacturing small lots are prepared and dispatch at the same time. It an aim at providing best and optimum quality through formation of the technique where in each subpart is examined before putting step further. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF LEAN MANUFACTURING as mentioned by Alavala 2008. 1.2.1 QUALITY: Improvement in quality means elimination of number of errors. The main objective of lean manufacturing is to attain optimum level in quality without any or low fluctuation in operating cost. 1.2.2 PRODUCTIVITY: Productivity is the result of lean manufacturing because same amount of resources which were used earlier now produces better result leading to increase productivity. 1.2.3 WASTE: The other main objective of lean manufacturing is to reduce waste like waste of time, waste of efforts, waste of resources etc which will help to get higher productivity and higher profit level. 1.2.4 HELP TO KEEP IN ORDER: Lean manufacturing help to keep everything in order, which will help to find right tool at immediate situation, clean and tidy work place, economic of scale and leading to fast functioning of operations. 1.2.5 STANDARDIZED: Adopting Lean manufacturing result in standardized of resources like place for everything and everything in its right place. This makes performance of operation smooth and steady. 1.2.6 OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES: Lean manufacturing aims at optimum or full utilization of resources (time, money, efforts, humans, machines etc.) full utilization in accordance to set standards of organization are always beneficial to organization. 1.2.7 THOROUGH CHEKING: Lean manufacturing involves in depth examination of the process as soon as the task is over. As a result short comings are sought out at the very first step before moving to next stage and efficiency is maintained at every stage. 1.3 REDUCTION OF WASTE: One of the most important aspects of lean manufacturing is cut down of waste or scrap as a result unnecessary flow of raw material, time, money and efforts are save thus manufacturing cost decreases and net profit increases and the ultimate goal of any concern is to achieve profit like optimising the profit and satisfying the employees working in there and thus it is very important for the organization. As lean manufacturing work on the mechanism of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“work for everyone and every one on the right workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  if organization follows this phenomenon it would result in reduction of waste and hence could be easily achieved. 1.4 HISTORY OF LEAN MANUFACTURING: Moore (2007) demonstrate that the foundation of lean manufacturing was formed late back from 1910 when assembly line technique of ford was formed, later on a Japanese company name Toyota motors use assembly line technique of ford and many other technique which were combined together and formed Toyota production system or just in time but it was later termed as lean manufacturing which was originated in Toyota manufacturing plant. 1.5 MASS PRODUCTION: The manufacturing of the product in large quantity. It is done by using assembly line or another means of production. It is totally different from the lean manufacturing. Mass production produces in large size whereas lean production produces smaller lots just that much as market required. Mass production is a push type production whereas lean production is pull type production. 1.6 APPLICATION OF LEAN MANUFACTURING: Lean manufacturing is mainly followed in manufacturing systems as the concept is made in accordance to manufacturing concerns. Though many other business are trying to apply this phenomena but the majority of result was in negative as each organization have there own process, technique, variability, objectives etc. But while considering the competitive market business other than manufacturing are also going for lean manufacturing. 1.7 FUTURE OF LEAN MANUFACTURING: The future of lean manufacturing is very titanic (big, bright). The main reason for this is the nonstop rising of inflation rate. As we know lean aims at cutting the cost of waste so in this competitive world the organization that can cut down the waste cost will be the most feasible among all so its importance will definitely goanna rise in the future and organizations, business would be running after it. 2. CULTURAL CHANGE: Wilson (2009) states that Cultural change is the process of bringing the change in the beliefs which are deep rooted, assumptions, perception, values and shared feelings etc which influence the decision process of the organization. In short we can say that application of changes in the prevailing or existing culture leads to cultural change. Lean manufacturing bring the cultural change through the application of 5S, SIX SIGMA, KAZINE etc which change the route of the organization and lead organization to achieve optimum level goals. 2.1 EXPENSIVE: lean manufacturing is a expensive process as implementation of lean strategies in the organization involve huge expenditure example applying kazine, just in time, 5s, six sigma in organization involve stopping up of daily routine, new mindset are needed, new philosophy and so on. Moreover lean aims at reducing WASTES this process of reducing waste is also very expensive and many small industries may not opt lean. 2.2 MISSING OUT SOME OF THE TOOLS: Lean cannot be implemented successfully if their applications are missing because every different application have different set of goals and objectives which cannot be achieved by other applications like six sigma cannot substitute cell manufacturing and so on. Thus we can say that foundation for the successes of lean are lay down by the proper implementation and understanding of all its applications. 2.3 NORMAL PRODUTION: Lean manufacturing do disturb the normal production as applying lean involve setting up of entirely new procedures and application. As a result the normal production process is disturbed for some period. It may consider as a barrier because applying lean would require some time for effective performance. Till the time lean produces effective result it is considered as a barrier. 2.4 ROLE OF PERSONAL SKILLS: Lean manufacturing aims at bringing change and this change would work efficiently only when human resource involved in lean manufacturing are having some widely common personal skills. Personal skills like working in a team, working along with team, communication, problem handling etc are utmost important for people in lean manufacturing. If people of any organization lack in such personal skills than in such a condition these skill would act as a barrier for lean manufacturing. 2.5 EFFECTIVE MANGEMENT LEADERSHIP: Moyles (2006) demonstrates that Effective management leadership is very crucial for the organization as in the absence of the leadership the employee will do what they wish like moreover they may refused to achieve the goals set by lean manufacturing. Lack of leadership control in organization would led to delay in results, Delay in task operation, delay in achievement of goals. Thus an effective management control is necessary for organization otherwise it will act like a barrier. 3. CHALLANGES FACEDE BY BAJAJ (INDIA) IN ACCORDANCE TO ITS PRODUCT: Bajaj one of the leading company of two wheelers in India. Bajaj in India aims at achieving customer satisfaction. The prim motive of Bajaj motors in India is customer satisfaction first and then profit. But Bajaj motors made one wrong decision that was launching Baja pulsar200 which proved as a threat to the company soon after it was launched as customer problem with Bajaj was rising day by day and was hampering the company image. The prime challenges faced by BAJAJ MOTRS were its product named Bajaj pulsar 200. This particular product was refused by market due to following reasons: 1: Poor handling poor handing of Baja pulsar 200 was a major problem as its cutting on the curve was quite difficult and as a result it leads to many major accident and thus creating a wrong or negative image in mind regarding the product and company. 2: Start up problem which is faced by Bajaj pulsar 200 was the starting problem especially during winters as Baja pulsar 200 was not having a kick to start and itself starter was not that good. 3: The other major drawbacks faced by Bajaj pulsar 200 was its look. It dint look attractive at all infact it was bulky and dish aped. 4: uncomfortable while riding this problem was usually felt during the long ride as it seat are divided into two sections which make it more uncomfortable and inconvenient while riding. 5: Problem with gear pattern which make inconvenient for rider in shifting the gear while riding and this again lead to large number of accident of the riders. 6: The other major issue with the bike was its average its average was not that good in comparison with the other bike in the same segment. All the above mentioned problems were in accordance to manufacturing process. The impact of failure of Bajaj 200 was so powerful that the entire image of Bajaj was getting down in customer mind as a result Bajaj pulsar 200 was totally banned by Baja motors in India and new product named Bajaj pulsar 220 was added to the list. 3.1 APPROACH FOR THE REMEDIES: The best approach for the quality improvement is ISO 9000. If Bajaj would have followed this certification there would have been no reason to shutdown pulsar 200. As this certification would have sort all the manufacturing problem through quality standardization and as a result product problem would have been sort out and customer friendly product would have been made. 3.2 PERMANENT STRATEGY: In accordance to my knowledge and views Bajaj motors should permanently adopt ISO 9000 because at present products of Bajaj motors like pulsar 220, pulsar 150, pulsar 180, pulsar dtsi faces the same common problem of handling and repair which were in pulsar 200. Application of ISO 9000 would help the Bajaj motors to overcome the quality defects at manufacturing stage and moreover the standard would be set below which nothing would be acceptable by the organization thus problem would be sort out within the organization. In the other hand company will be beneficial in marketing as being ISO certified. 4. KAIZEN: Alukal et al. (2006) states that Kaizen is a Japanese concept of management. The meaning of kaizen is in it word only kai (which means change) and Zen (which means good or better) i.e. bringing in the change which is good for the organization. Kaizen is a continuous process of bringing in small small change that accounts for very big and positive results. And it is based on the phenomena that every single phase of our life need little but constant changes. 4.1 MAJOR OBJECTIVE OF KAIZEN as mentioned by Alukal et al. (2006) 1: Aims at providing world class manufacturing process is to the concern in which it is applied as change are effective only on those manufacturing concern where manufacturing process is of world class standards and in accordance to the prevailing technology. 2: Aims at improving quality improvement is the core of kaizen. According to kaizen phenomena no matter how small or big the change is but there should be a change like keeping it simple and dynamic. 3: Aims to provide job environment safe and secure. Kaizen aims at providing safe healthy and secure work climate for its employees and management. As change is effective in a place where people are supportive and environment is healthy. 4: Aims at eliminating waste, the most important objective of kaizen is to eliminate the waste (waste are the thing that things that do not add anything to the product still is the part of manufacturing process) this would enhance manufacturing process and would speed up the process moreover resources like men, money, time etc of the organization are saved and ultimately leading to the organizational profit. 4.2. JUST IN TIME: Lai et al. (2009) demonstrate that Just in time technique was developed by Toyota motors and this technique was copied at almost all manufacturing plant. JIT is a technique where in superior management is needed and large work force. Just in time technique is a phenomenon of making the raw material and finished products at the time they are needed i.e. eliminating the time lag. And it generates no substantial risk to the organization. 4.3. MAIN OBJECTIVES OF JUST IN TIME: 1: Maintain the proper stock level. It means that an adequate level of stock is maintained in the warehouses so that the holding cost and other expenses related to stock are all manageable and most importantly the need of the manufacturing concern are meet as an when needed. 2: Maintain proper or true position of inventory. It denotes that there should be no fake data recorded in the books. The data and facts recorded should denote the actual position of the stock. 4.4. TOTAL QUALITY MANGEMENT: Sashkin et al. (1993) states that Total quality management is a management phenomenon that seeks to full fill the need of the customer without compromising in quality like providing customer quality they want or better than what they want. It could be achieved with integration of quality related functions. This phenomenon is based on the concept that the set standards should be achieved and anything below the standards is not acceptable at all and anything above the set standards is appreciated. As a result no compromise is done with the product quality and ultimately the customer is satisfied as quality is set and based on the taste preference and requirement of the customers. 4.5. SIX SIGMA: Tennant (2001) demonstrates that six sigma is methodology developed by Motorola which emphasizes setting high objectives, collecting data and analyzing results to achieve the different way to reduce defects in products and services. It is important to find the appropriate method for the company to achieve the goal for quick response for the customer and increase the customer satisfaction. The requirement encouraged them to adopt either six sigma to improve process or Kaizen to reduce waste in process. However both have some limitations as a result company need to combine their strength. Six sigma focus on the quality improvement and satisfaction of the customer whereas Kaizen focus on elimination of waste which arise in process. However the Kaizen cannot put a process under statistical control and six sigma cannot increase process speed alone. 5. CONCLUSION By completing this report it is clear that the lean manufacturing play a very important role in organization. It helps to reduce waste and the process which is not necessary to reduce the production cost. It explains how to increase the efficiency of the organization.

Essay --

As a basic knowledge, solids that caught or settled within the treatment process can be reused or disposed in an environmental friendly way. Rule such as safety wastewater treatment has to be implemented to the wastewater solids is regulated by several federal laws, including the Clean Water Act (CWA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and so on. Recently, most of the biosolids produced is either reused as a soil conditioner, fertilizer or disposed by incinerated and land filled. As a matter of fact, biosolids have to be stabilized first to control odours and reduces the microbial population by thickening, composting, heat treatments, drying, conditioning and dewatering. Lime, ferric chloride, alum or polymers are used to condition the biosolids as to produce larger particles for easier removal and prepared for further dewatering. Dewatering processes include vacuum filtration, pressure filtration, and centrifuges. The process of decomposing volatile material naturally is known as digestion (a type of stabilization method), manages to reduce the odour, yields biologically stable end product (aerobic digestion) and produces methane gas (anaerobic digestion). After stabilization, the biosolids are either introduced to land application or disposed after incineration. Biosolids can act as fertilizer and soil conditioner, as they contain organic matters (nutrients) for the plants and manage to amend poor soil structure land due to practices such as construction activities. Moreover, biosolids can be incinerated (burned) to ashes, having high fuel value as a result. Pressure filtration dewatering equipment is basically used or refuse-derived fuel is added to obtain biosolids which are sufficiently dry to take advantage of... ... manage to direct the wastewater reclamation plants to meet the quality requirements of intended reuse applications. (National Academies, 2012) Disposal of municipal wastewater have been distributed into two categories, which are those that discharge directly to surface water and those that discharge to land. Surface water discharge economically has been preferred because it provides rapid mixing of effluent with surface water, and is the least expensive discharge option. Nonetheless, indirect discharge to groundwater or hyporheic water may be more environmentally beneficial if planned, installed, and operated correctly. There are also many methods for land discharge, for example, discharge into two to three feet wide and two feet deep of ground trench and added in successive layers until the lagoons is completely filled. (Department of Environmental Quality, 2007)

How to Paint a Geometric Design :: Expository Process Essays

How to Paint a Geometric Design    Art has been a part of our lives since humans first roamed the earth, but each person's definition varies with personality and environment. Some prefer the realism of Da Vinci, while others enjoy the simplicity of Mondrian. The challenge is to revise these forms and integrate them together to create a beautiful work of art. With a good eye and steady hand, anyone can create a fun and interesting conversation piece for any room of the house, just by following some basic guidelines.    Before the actual process of painting can begin there are several things that must be done. First and foremost is the creation of a design. Each artist, of course, has their own preferences on how best to accomplish this. Some jot it all down on a diner napkin, while others painstakingly draw out their idea in an expensive sketch book. Whatever the materials, the elements of design must be present, and the more of these which are incorporated the better the final product will be. There are many elements of design, such as rhythm and form, but two of the most important are color and balance. Balance simply means that the shapes and lines within the image compliment each other. In other words, the design is fun to look at. Color is important because it determines the mood of the painting. Greyscale is often very dramatic, whereas warm hues can make the heart race and cool colors can ease the mind. Contrasting colors such as purple and yellow can also be fun to use since th ey create a conflict of emotion within the viewer.    Once a design has been decided upon and before the process can begin supplies must be obtained. The nearest M.J. Designs or Michael's will most likely have the necessay items, but Gardenridge can be a good source also. Now is the time to decide upon a canvas size as well as what type of paint will be used. The type and size of the painting are artist's prerogative, of course, but many prefer large, stretched canvases because they're easier and more fun to work with. As far as paint goes, acrylics are best for beginners, and although not exactly reasonable, they aren't as expensive as most.

Government Intervention in Market

The Market Structures The complete economic activities are handled in four different market structures, namely perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The nature and degree of competition varies among the all the above-mentioned four markets. In summarized manner we can describe that as the number of sellers increases, each firms’ ability to charge high prices reduces.If number of buyers increases then buyers practice to purchase the goods at his choice price diminishes. The sellers have to face price competitions if the product is homogeneous and price and non-price competition exist if goods are differentiable. A large number of buyers and sellers make competition perfect. A homogeneous good with a number of sellers put the market in competition but a homogeneous good in a few sellers and a number of buyers leads the competition in another directions and put sellers in relatively good position.The complete knowledge of buyers and sellers regard ing market price and goods encourage fair competition on the other hand incomplete knowledge of product, alluring misleading advertisements and forced differentiation of the goods break the pure competition. Production of a good by a particular producer or a few producers put the economy in their hands (monopoly) but if only a few buyers or a union of the buyers is controlling (monopsony) the market then market becomes non-competitive.All of the above there are some peculiar goods, which are non-excludable (can be consumed by any one without paying the cost) and non-rivalrous (no one has exclusive right over its consumption), that are not produced by any profit making companies such as military service to protect the nation. Market Failure Causes From the above discussion it is very clear that except perfect competition rest three market structures are not fulfilling the optimal criteria of economy i. e. high over all economic growth, full employment and fair distribution of income among the different parts of the society.The reasons for such market failure or non-attainment of the Pareto optimality (efficiency in exchange/consumption, efficiency in production and overall Pareto efficiency) are as follows: 1. Imperfect Market: Whenever the market is imperfect as under monopoly, monopolistic competition or oligopoly, the perfect market will fail to achieve the Pareto optimal conditions. 2. Externalities: If the prices in a market do not reflect the true marginal costs and/or marginal benefits associated with the goods and services traded in the market then there must be present of some externality.If the productivity of an individual affects the benefits of the others is called the production externalities and if the consumption levels of others affect the welfare of the individuals then consumption externalities occur. 3. Public Goods:Because public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, they are not sold in a free market like private goods. Therefore, th ey cannot be provided by private firms. 4. Increasing returns to scale:There are increasing return to scale or decreasing costs due to technical externalities that lead to market failure under perfect competition.When there are increasing returns to scale in a perfect competitive market, they lead either to monopoly or to losses. 5. Asymmetric or Incomplete information:In the real world, there is asymmetric or incomplete information due to ignorance and uncertainty on the part of buyers and sellers of goods. Thus they are unable to equate social and private benefits and costs. Type of Government Intervention At this stage Government intervention comes into effect and Government try to provide the following benefits: 1. Control non-competitive behavior of the firms. a. Taxation of monopoly profits (the Windfall Tax) . Regulation of oligopolies/cartel behavior c. Policies to introduce competition into markets (de-regulation) 2. Using Tax or subsidies or by environmental policies comba t externalities. 3. Provide public goods. a. Direct provision of public goods (military services) b. Price controls for the recently privatized utilities 4. Provide information and assure information flow by various law and policies. 5. Government changes the income distribution by society by imposing income tax and inheritance taxes etc. Why corn/ soybean or wheat like agricultural commodity market do not need government intervention:The agriculture commodity market for corn/wheat/soybean like commodities fulfill the conditions of perfect competitive market as a) Many small producers b) Homogeneous product c) Many buyers d) Free entry and exit e) All the producer’s face the same cost as they have equal access to the same technology. In the perfect competitive market a seller/producer has to simply determine how many units to produce and sell at the current equilibrium price. If a perfectly competitive firm earns short run economic profit, new firms enter in the long run and market supply increases hence the price decreases.As the price falls each firm’s economic profit diminishes. To restore the economic profit, existing firms make every effort to become more efficient, but their success encourages further entry in the market. Due to this continuous entry in the market in the long run each firm get a normal profit. If firms face the economic loss in the perfect competitive market and they are optimally efficient with current available technology then this environment compels some (weaker) firms to leave the market in the long run. As some firms exit, the market supply decreases and price increases.The process continues in the long run till each surviving firms earn a normal profit. The graph below demonstrates the longrun equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, where profit equals zero: [pic] We observe that the following is the case for a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium †¢ Profit (? ) = 0 because P = ATC. †¢ P = MR = MC = ATC. †¢ The firm is producing the quantity where ATC is at its minimum point. Technological Efficiency:At given cost of production (resources used) if the output produced is maximized then it is called technological efficiency.From the above diagram it is clear that the firm is technologically efficient as it is producing the output at the lowest point of its cost curve (ATC). It is natural as i) All profit maximizing firms want to increase their profit by minimizing the cost of production; as in the perfect competition they cannot raise the prices of homogeneous product. ii) As in long run profit equals to zero for a perfectly competitive firm, hence, if the firm does not choose to minimize the production-cost, ATC will increase and profit would be less than zero.Allocative Efficiency:It occurs when resources are allocated to the production of goods in such a manner that society is a well off as possible. Marginal social cost (MSC) captures the opportunity cost of using another input in the production of a good, where opportunity cost refers to the best alternative use of an input. If more of a good is demanded in the market, additional inputs (e. g. labor, electricity, etc. ) are required to produce additional output of that good. We can measure the cost of added production by looking at the marginal cost (MC) of producing one more unit of the good.The rule to achieve allocative efficiency is that the additional benefits received by consumers from consumption of a good equal to the incremental costs of producing another unit of that good. MSB = MSC To achieve allocative efficiency in the use of productive inputs, marginal social benefit must equal marginal social cost for a good or service. If marginal social benefit is greater than marginal social cost (MSB > MSC) then the benefits attained by consumers from the consumption of another unit of the good or service exceeds the opportunity cost of the allocation of additional inputs into the production of that good.In other words, when MSB > MSC, society wants more of the good produced and uses the market to signal that desire. How does the market convey this information? Since price (P) equals marginal social benefit (MSB) and marginal cost equals marginal social cost (MSC), we have the condition that: P = MSB = MSC = MC; or P = MC So the Pareto optimality conditions fulfilled. Hence the agriculture commodity markets for corn/wheat/soybean like commodities need not any government intervention. Local Cable TV or local gas company need government intervention:The local cable TV or local gas company in many countries works as a monopolist. The required conditions to be a monopolist are: 1. There is one seller or producer of a homogeneous product. 2. There is no close substitution of the product available 3. There is perfect competition in the factor market so that it can minimize the cost of the production 4. There are many buyers of the product but none of them c an influence the price of the product. 5. There is no threat of entry of exit. Given above assumptions, the price, output and profit under monopoly are determined by the forces of demand and supply.The monopolist has complete control over the supply of the product. He is also a price maker who can set the price to his maximum advantages. But he cannot fix the price and output simultaneously. Either he can fix the price and leave the output to be determined by the consumer demand at that price or he can fix the output to be produced and leave the price to be determined by the consumer demand for the product. Thus whatever price he fixes, whatever output he decides to produce are determined by the condition of demand. [pic]We observe that the following is the case for a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium †¢ Profit (? ) >= 0 because P >= ATC. †¢ P >= MR = MC †¢ The firm does not produce the quantity where ATC is at its minimum point. Technologi cal Efficiency:Although each firm in monopoly want to reduce it’s cost of production to maximize the profit yet the industry/ market does not produce the output at the minimum point of ATC so the monopoly market is technologically not efficient. Allocative Efficiency:As we have already discussed that the condition to attain allocative efficiecy isP = MSB = MSC = MC; or P = MC But as P is greater than MC in the case of monopoly so it is inefficient on allocation basis, which is called deadweight welfare loss (social cost). We may say that the monopoly leads to misallocation and underutilization of resources and reduction in consumer’s welfare. Government may impose regulations to control a monopoly: For industries where the average total cost curve displays tremendous economies of scale, the government may decide that having a single provider is desirable.Using the measures of productive and allocative efficiency, regulators know that when left alone, a profit maximizin g monopoly produces less of the good or service than is desired by society and at too high of a cost. Regulated monopolies agree to adhere to government oversight in order to sustain their monopoly status. 1. Forbidding the formation of monopolies (e. g. , antitrust laws) 2. Forbidding monopolistic behavior (like predatory pricing) 3. Ensuring standards of provision. 4. Ensuring competition exists (e. g. deregulation) 5. Imposition of a lump-sum tax on a monopolist (shifts AC upwards), and supernormal profits are taken as tax. Governments may also regulate MC/AC pricing for monopolies. Effects of MC/AC regulating pricing by government intervention : Marginal Cost Pricing : Regulators set price where marginal cost equals demand. This is the most efficient solution as allocative efficiency is achieved: P = MC and therefore MSB = MSC. But the firm is losing money, as total revenues are less than total costs (see the figure given below).In the long run, if this condition prevails, the f irm will shut down and cease to operate, not especially a desirable outcome if the monopoly provides an essential good or service such as electricity or water. It is sometimes called optimal price regulation. It does not work with natural monopolies (they will not earn a profit, and would exit the industry). See the following figure. Average Total Cost Pricing : For natural monopolies, the regulator can force monopolies to charge the price where ATC crosses Demand.At this price economic profit will be zero, although there will be normal accounting profits. Sometimes called non-optimal price regulation. This is a more efficient outcome than no regulation at all. Price still exceeds marginal cost and therefore, marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs. With average cost pricing, allocative and productive efficiency are not achieved. The firm earns accounting profits but no economic profits. Smaller deadweight loss than unregulated monopoly. See the diagram given below. [p ic]

Anylasis of three extracts

The three extracts I am comparing are written by three different authors. The first extract I am going to tell you about is written by a famous author called ‘Terry Pratchett'. The second extract is written by a children's author ‘Charles Dickens'. And finally, the third extract I am going to explain, is written by another well-known author, ‘Eoin Colfer'. With these three extracts, I am going to inform and describe how the characters and settings are developed. In the first extract the characters are well described using many adjectives. For example ‘Mr Horsefry' was described as a ‘youngish man, not simply running to fat but vaulting, leaping and driving towards obesity. He had acquired at thirty and impressive selection of chins, and now they wobbled with angry pride. ‘ I can picture this man with so many chains and not being able to speak properly. This is a funny description and makes the reader want to read on and see what else the reader writes about Mr Horsefry. Terry Pratchett' also writes that Mr Horsefry is: ‘Despite his expression, which was that of a piglet having a bright idea, and his mode of speech, which might put you in mind of a small, breathless, neurotic but ridiculously expensive dog, Mr Horsefry might have been a kind, generous and pious man. In the same way, the man climbing out of your window in a stripy jumper, a mask and a great hurry might merely be lost on the way to a fancy-dress party, and the man in a wig and robes at the focus of the courtroom might only be a transvestite who wondered in out of the rain. When I read this description I was laughing, and I could imagine a man dressed up as a woman who has god knows how many chains and seeing him wondering in the rain. Also listening to him when he speaks, it would be difficult to understand him because his chins would get in the way. This is a very good and clear description of ‘Mr Horsefry' and enjoyable to read and if someone reads this description they would know what ‘Mr Horsefry' looks like and what his personality is like. Also in this extract, it is a shame that ‘Terry Pratchett' didn't describe the settings as much as he describes ‘Mr Horsefry'. For example the quote, â€Å"Ah, this would be . . . what is it now . . . the glass ceiling? † said lord Vetinari brightly. â€Å"No, my lord. That is something else. I believe you may be thinking about the ‘Agatean Wall†. This quote tells me what the ceilings and the walls may look like, but it doesn't tell me what else the place looks like. The writer could have described what the canary looked like or what time of year it was, for example was it in the middle of winter, or was it in late summer. But I don't know because this wasn't explained in the extract. However ‘Terry Pratchett' could have explained this in the beginning of the story or later on in the story, I'm not to sure. Describing the setting would make the story a lot better and when the reader reads this extract they would be able to picture what is going on and where the characters are, as that is what happening now, I am confused where the characters are and I am thinking of a completely different place to what the writer is thinking of when he wrote this book. In the second extract ‘Charles Dickens' describes the character, ‘The Ghost of Christmas Past' as: ‘It's hair, which hung about its neck and down its back, was white, and if with age; and not yet the face had not a wrinkle in it, and the tenderest bloom was on the skin. The arms were very long and muscular; the hands the same, as if it hold were of uncommon strength. Its legs and feet, most delicately formed, were, like those upper members, bare. It wore a tunic of the purest white; and round its waist was a lustrous belt, the sheen of which was beautiful. It had its dress trimmed with summer flowers. But the strangest thing about it was, that from the crown of its head there sprang a bright clear jet of light, by which all this was visible; and which was doubtless the occasion of its using, in its duller moments, a great extinguisher for a cap, which it now held under its arm. ‘ This is a brilliant description of the sprit and I can picture what ‘The Ghost of Christmas Past' looks like. I know exactly what her hair, skin, feet, legs and what she was wearing. This is also a very clear description as well. It is easy to understand and easy to see what the ghost looks like. In this extract ‘Charles Dickens' does not describe the setting as much in detail as he did with the character ‘The Ghost of Christmas Past'. For example the quote: ‘Not the curtains at his feet, nor the curtains at his back, but those to which his face was addressed. The curtain of his bed drawn aside;' this quote tells me a little bit about Cosmos room and the curtains. However I find this quote quite confusing as I am not to sure whether or not the curtains are in Cosmo's room and where else are the curtains. Also I am not sure where he is, is he in his room? Or is he somewhere less? For example, is Cosmo in a huge empty mansion? Or is he in some hall way? Who knows? That is why it is important to tell the reader where the character is otherwise the reader gets lost. The finial extract is written by anther well known author ‘Eoin Colfer'. He has developed his characters in his story by using a few adjectives. He describes a character, Cosmo who is a young boy aged fourteen years old as: ‘Cosmo receives his schooling from education software, his teeth were whiter that white and his hair was lustrous and flake-free, but his insides felt like they were being scoured with a radioactive wire brush. Eventually Cosmo realized that the orphanage was slowly killing him. It was time to get out. ‘ ‘Eoin Colfer' didn't use as much adjectives as the other writers did. The description of Cosmo was not that clear, as I didn't know exactly what he looked like. However the quote: ‘†¦ aby Cosmo was discovered swaddled in an insulated Cheery Pizza envelope on Cosmonaut Hill in Moscowtown. The state police swabbed him for DNA, search for a match in the Satellite mainframe and came up blank. Nothing unusual about that, orphans turn up every day in the city. So the newly christened Cosmo Hill was dipped in a vaccine vat and sent on a tube to the Clarissa Frayne Institute or Parentally Challenged Boys Freight. ‘ This quote tells me that Cosmo was an orphan and was found on ‘Cosmonaut Hill in Moscowtown'. This quote many not tell me what Cosmo looks like but it does tell me about how he was found. So this is a pretty good description of where he was found. Also in this extract ‘Eoin Colfer' has used many descriptive words to develop the setting. For example the quote: ‘Satellite City was not part of any welfare state, so the institution had to raise funds any way they could. Clarissa Frayne's speciality was product testing. Whenever a new modified food or untested pharmaceutical product was being developed, the orphanage volunteered its charges as guinea pigs. It made perfect financial sense. The orphans got fed and cleaned, and the Frayne Institute got paid for the privilege. This quote tells me about the orphanage and ‘Clarisse Frayne'. This quote may not describe the settings as much as the other stories did but it tells me a lot about the orphanage, but at least that is something. So overall I have realised that it is important to describe the character in the stories, otherwise the reader would think of something else that the writer may not be thing of. Also this is the same for the settings. You have to explain but the area is like and where the characters are. This is important as well so that the reader can picture what is going on without getting confused.

Global risk analysis Essay

This paper aims to review the publication of the World Bank Risk Management on the natural disaster hotspots. Specifically, this book is entitled â€Å"Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis†. In addition, this book was published in 1995 in order to address increasing risk brought by the natural disasters all over the world. As a result, this book gave light to the role of natural disasters in significantly shaping the lives of every people as well as its economy and its community. And so, a review in this book will yield great results to the readers of this paper. A Global Risk Analysis on Natural Disasters Natural disasters are described as any terrible event, not caused by human activity, which results in deaths, injuries or even damage to property. (Forces of Nature, 2007) As it name implies one cannot avoid the occurrence of natural catastrophes since they are not man-made activities. In other words, human activities cannot interfere with the occurrence of natural phenomenon. More importantly, their occurrence usually causes great damage on the lives and community of people. And as a matter of fact, it disrupts the everyday conduct of lives of human beings. In the book, the authors have presented the great risk faced by people with the occurrence of the natural catastrophes. More specifically, the study reveals that 3. 4 billion people, more than half or the world’s population, live in areas where at least one hazard could significantly impact them. Aside from this finding, other important findings in the book are as follows: (Uku and Tobin, 2005) †¢ Approximately 20 percent of the Earth’s land surface is exposed to at least one of the natural hazards evaluated; †¢ 160 countries have more than one quarter of their population in areas of high mortality risk from one or more hazards; †¢ More than 90 countries have more than 10 percent of their population in areas of high mortality risk from two or more hazards; †¢ In 35 countries, more than 1 in 20 residents lives at relatively high mortality risk from 3 or more hazards; †¢ More than one-third of the United States’ population lives in hazard-prone areas, but only one percent of its land area ranks in the highest disaster-related mortality risk category; †¢ Taiwan may be the place on Earth most vulnerable to natural hazards, with 73 percent of its land and population exposed to three or more hazards; †¢ More than 90 percent of the populations of Bangladesh, Nepal, the Dominican Republic, Burundi, Haiti, Taiwan, Malawi, El Salvador, and Honduras live in areas at high relative risk of death from two or more hazards; and †¢ Poorer countries in the developing world are more likely to have difficulty absorbing repeated disaster-related losses and costs associated with disaster relief, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Indeed, natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, cyclones, droughts, landslides and floods cause tens and thousands of deaths as well as hundreds of thousands of injuries. Aside from deaths and injuries, natural hazards also cause economic losses around the world each year. As such, billions of dollars are expended also every year in the aspect of humanitarian assistance, emergency loans and development aids. (Dilley et. al. , 2005) And so, the key findings of the book imply that in almost all parts of the world, people are faced with great risks from natural hazards. As a result, the occurrence of these natural phenomena disrupts the regular conduct of personal and business activities of people and organization. This disruption, in turn, results to the overall socio-economic development of a nation. And in the case of the developing world, development will even become more elusive. With the annual occurrence of natural disasters, it is the poor nations that are greatly affected, such that they become poorer and poorer with every cyclical happening of natural phenomena. Despite the large losses of people and money from natural disasters, organizations especially governments are unable to address effectively the damages brought about by natural disasters. This claim has been evident on the recoded loss of human lives as well as properties annually due to natural catastrophes. For instance, the tsunami incident that happened in Thailand last December 26, 2004 had killed 229,866 people. Also, the international community has donated an estimated US $7 billion for humanitarian aid to all the victims of the tsunami incident. And so, the reluctance on the part of the government and the people can be traced on the fact that natural disasters are unavoidable phenomena. What they can only do is to experience this phenomenon and hope for the minimal damage it brings. This kind of thinking has been the target of the book. It aims to deliver the message that in spite of the potential threats brought about by natural disasters, the people and the government can coordinate in order to have a successful encounter with these phenomena. Furthermore, the book emphasizes more on the development issues rather than the typical issues on humanitarian aspect. It also identifies the regions which are highly at risk with natural hazards. In this way, development efforts can be better informed and designed to reduce disaster-related losses in the future. Because of the natural hazard cycles repeating themselves every few years, developing countries find themselves in a vicious cycle of loss and recovery without the ability to move forward and achieve sustainable development. As such, there is a need for the highly affected nations such as the developing world to cooperate with the international community in devising ways to manage disaster risk rather than merely giving humanitarian aids. It is through disaster risk management that the international community can truly help the developing nations. As mentioned earlier, the occurrence of natural catastrophes cannot be avoided. And so, it is best to have an effective risk management program on disasters than forever be included in the vicious cycle of damage and revitalization. By stepping out of the vicious cycle, one is removed from the path of continuous loss and recovery, thus achieving development. Based on the book, risk management on disasters is effectively done by primarily focusing on the two disaster-related outcomes- the mortality and economic losses. The risk level was then estimated by combining the hazard exposure with historical vulnerability for two indicators of elements at risk- gridded population and gross domestic product (GDP) per unit area- for six major natural hazards: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, drought and cyclones. The natural disasters were classified in three categories- geophysical, hydro and drought. The geophysical includes the volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides. On the hydro, it consists of the floods and hurricanes. And so, by calculating the relative risks for grid cells rather than for countries as a whole, the authors are able to estimate risk levels at sub-national scales. (Dilley et. al. , 2005) Conclusion Overall, the book served as a catalyst in enlightening individuals as well as organizations both in the public and private realm about the impact of natural disasters and how they will be able to address this phenomenon. Undoubtedly, the book has shed some light into the ways of escaping the vicious cycle of loss and recovery, which is brought about by the annual occurrence of natural disasters. This is especially true in the context of the developing world wherein development becomes elusive once countries have entered the natural hazard cycle. And so, in order not to aggravate poverty, countries especially the developing ones must properly manage natural hazards. The occurrence of natural disasters can be addressed by the international community not through humanitarian aid but by development programs in the context of risk management on disasters. REFERENCES Dilley, M. , Chen, R. , Deichmann, U. , Lerner-Lam, A. and Arnold M. (2005, April). Natural disaster hotspots: A global risk analysis. World Bank disaster risk management series no. 5. Forces of Nature. Glossary. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from, http://library. thinkquest. org/C003603/english/glossary. shtml. Uku, R. and Tobin, M. (2005, March 31). Natural disaster hotspots: A global risk analysis- Columbia University and the World Bank produce new report. EurekAlert.

Thomas Hardy Poem Interpretation

Poems for essay: Neutral Tones, A Broken Appointment, The Moth-Signal. Interpretation is said to be an explanation or conceptualization of a work of literature or other art form by a critic. Hardy is known for integrating personal events from his life, into his poems that allow the reader to develop a fully rounded view of what he was trying to convey in his work. Love and its effects are one of his most famous themes that are the basis of many of his poems. Hardy tends to use references to many of his loves in his life in his poems especially his first wife Emma.The context from which he writes helps immensely when deducing the meaning of his works. However, knowledge of the poet’s background is not a necessity when interpreting all poems nor does it always influence the interpretation given by the reader; this only true to a certain extent. In the poems: â€Å"Neutral Tones†, â€Å"A Broken Appointment† and â€Å"The Moth- Signal (Edgon Heath)† are all e xamples of poems by Thomas Hardy that does not require awareness of his background to be interpreted by the reader.The poem, â€Å"Neutral Tones† can be deciphered is about a man who loses his true love and thus skews his view of love forever. The first stanza may be interpreted as the setting of which this heartbreaking moment between these two lovers took place. The setting bares no identification needed towards the writer and can be easily interpreted by the reader. The proceeding stanzas basically describe the scenarios in the relationship that led to ultimately the couple going their separate ways and as a result changes the man’s perception of love as the event is relayed from his point of view.This poem is just based on a love gone wrong and does not need Hardy’s background information to be successfully understood by anyone who reads it. His personal detached tone from the poem allows this to be possible. Along with â€Å"Neutral Tones†, â€Å"A Broken Appointment† follows the same trend of love and freedom to be interpreted without having knowledge of his past loves. This poem is about a man who is now reflecting later about the time he was stood up by the woman he loved. This is an issue that happens regularly and does not need to be referenced to sometime in the author’s life to be analyzed thoroughly.This poem was also written generally so it also bore no semblance to the life of Hardy. This goes to show that the background of an author when interpreting a poem is not utter importance. In addition, â€Å"The Moth-Signal (Edgon Heath)†, is another one of Hardy’s poems that lack the need for the context from which the poet writes. In this poem, there is an affair by a woman that is summoned to her lover via a moth being burned in the flames of a candle to indicate her lover was present.Since infidelity is a common issue, the background of Hardy is not needed to influence the interpretation of th is poem. In all of the above mention poems, they all encompassed a plot that was easily identifiable by any reader. The thread of love and heartbreak ran through each and they are all poems that are relatable to all who reads these poems. This gives proof that a poet’s background does not need to be known in order to interpret a poem nor influence its interpretation.

Jeep Grand Cherokee Essay

Jeep Grand Cherokee is an American car. This kind of cars is survivor’s favorite things in VALS types. Survivors live narrowly focused lives. They are accustomed to use their familiar things, can’t accept new things quickly. Therefore Jeep brand which has more than 70 years history and born for war can satisfy the sense of survivors’ security. At the same time, survivors are cautious customers. Just in time, the design philosophy of Jeep-safety, comfortable, power, meet their requirements. Jeep brand is their best choice. The price of brand new Jeep Grand Cherokee starts from 39,895 dollars, this price level is medium-high. It’s expensive, but the price is not higher than Mercedes-Benz SUVs and BMW X5. For this reason Jeep Grand Cherokee is not a rich status symbol. However Jeep Grand Cherokee absolutely present a kind of personal character, it’s a symbol of recalcitrant man. SUVs are trendy because of better vision, more capacious space. On this basis, Jeep Grand Cherokee obtain better fuel economy by using new V6 engine. Increased back space make it more suitable for family, through the change of interior atmosphere let Jeep Grand Cherokee has become home up. Still powerful cross-country performance and improve highway playability let it drive up full of fun. Grand Cherokee try to attract more people to choose as family car. Hence, if you want to have fun with family in weekend, you can’t miss this car.Jeep Grand Cherokee is not offbeat no matter on speed or safety, but it can find balance in both. Jeep Grand Cherokee is a domestic car. It’s more appropriate survivors who like familiar brand and proud of owning American car even products. 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee use headline for: You’ll need to find a different excuse for being late to work. This headline really attract office worker. This press Jeep Grand Cherokee is comfortable and has fun to drive. Comfortable is the other most important reason for choose American car. Grand Cherokee shows this characteristics of the incisively and vividly. The seat not only soft and comfortable, and let any shape people drive this big car can find the most suitable for their own driving posture. Jeep own a pure cross-country blood, this SUV retains its essence and enhance the characteristics of adapting road. This advertising didn’t use celebrity charm and use model. It’s just a  picture about Grand Cherokee run in snow. This picture foil masculine, at the same time correspond subtitle: When you enhance the legendary Jeep brand capability with a Selec-Terrain system, snow doesn’t stand a chance. This advertising posted on Reader magazines whose readers have own-opinion. Overall this advertising conveys adventure emotional approach and express it’s comfortable and has fun with driving. It’s impressive and attractive advertising.

Smartphone Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Smartphone - Lab Report Example one owners (or potential owners) are aimed at tracing the constantly varying preferences of the audience, and make corresponding changes in the construction, electronic stuffing, as well as applications. While leaders of the smartphone market set the tendency, the others have to trim the sales to the wind; nevertheless, everyone has to study the needs and preferences of the potential customers. Marketing Details. Problem Definition In accordance with the research by Bojei and Hoo (2012), the smartphone audience has increased essentially for the recent several years. The 2012 surveys show that almost half of the mobile consumers in the USA, Western Europe, and Australia own smartphones, and this amount is expected to reach 70% level in 2014. From the viewpoint of the profit share, the smartphone segment is essentially more profitable. Therefore, Apple Inc. holds up to 52% of the smartphone segment operating income. Samsung is featured with 29%. The key questions that the research is f ocused on are as follows: 1. What are the smartphone segment leaders 2. What are the key factors of the gadget popularity 3. What parameters are used for evaluating gadgets The key problem of the research is mainly based on defining the image of the audience. Since the growth of the smartphone segment is quite exceptional, it should be stated that the overall marketing study should not touch upon the communication aspect. This can be explained by the fact that smartphones are also used for shopping, leisure, navigation, sport activities, etc. For at least 20% of smartphone users, this gadget has become the primary way of internet access. In fact, the mobile phone segment study is not a novelty in marketing, since the surveys are arranged from the moment smartphones have become a mass... It is stated that the global phone market growth has decreased over the last two years. This is explained by the fact that the markets are highly penetrated, and the growth for the account of new customers can not compensate the growth decrease. Nevertheless, the smartphone segment of mobile gadgets tends to grow, and the aim of the current research is to evaluate and analyze the customers’ demands and needs in smartphones. Therefore, the current research is focused on the matters of studying the smartphone segment, and the key research effort is associated with studying the preferences of the audience. The data collection process involved filling out the questionnaire only, while data analysis required using additional sources for the proper interpretation of the primary data analysis. Proper analysis required marketing, economic, and industry data as a basis of the questionnaire analysis. Hence, the research was based on the actual researches, theories and patterns, and the outcomes of the qualitative research analysis will not be randomized as in case of pure studies. Considering the necessity to analyze the mass of statistical data, the research involved quantitative approaches as well. These are based on the SSPS data analysis, however, the number of respondents is not sufficient for proper statistic evaluation. This paper approves that the individuality of the customers is not considered in the research, however, some information was collected through personal communication.