Project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project 3 - Essay Example A verbal fight ensues, and despite entreaties by management to leave the store, they have not. Nobody has hit anyone but the Police are called. No crime has been committed. 3. A group of friends has dinner at a restaurant that has just opened. The restaurant touts its' wonderful pay one price buffet and its vast vegan fare. Despite a buffet that is three miles long, there are no vegetarian dishes to be found and one of the group winds up eating celery all night. Despite requests to management, nobody can drum up a vegetarian dish. The check arrives and the vegan has been charged for the buffet. The vegan points out to the waiter that they did not eat but that they will pay for the wine that they had with their bread and celery. Management calls the police and they tell management that it is a civil not criminal issue. 4. It is a warm spring night and two children's baseball teams are playing. One child gets hit accidentally by an awful pitch and suddenly parents, coaches and even the referee are cursing at each other. Nobody has thrown a punch, but the police have been called. No crime has been committed. Only weeks ago we read about the vile situation of the girl in Missouri who committed suicide after some others who knew her created a fake MySpace profile of a boy who befriended her and then turned on her and told her she was mean and he didn't want to be friends with her. The police were called but no laws were broken. There are other behaviors that people inflict on others but the police are powerless because there is no law defining the behavior as illegal. Oftentimes police officers are called in to watch crowded gatherings. Nothing is happening that is illegal, but the Police Officers are there nonetheless. It would seem that Police Officers are often called when there is a perceived threat of a future crime. In the internet case, as in many internet scenarios, there is no law that prohibits a person from posting harassing and threatening comments. The victim feels, rightfully, threatened and fearful so the logical thing to do is call the police. (Connelly, 2000) Where there are public rallies, there are officers. People are threatened by crowds. Basically, any situation where there is a perceived threat (real or not) is when police officers are called. III. Explain the difference between streetwalkers and call girls, and discuss how each might have an impact on order maintenance and peacekeeping, and what that impact might be. Which would have a larger impact on public expectations regarding the police, and why The term prostitute is a general term that defines one as someone who performs sexual services for renumeration. (Farley, 2007) The payment is often in the form of currency, though there is a group of prostitutes who accept drugs as payment. A call girl is someone who operates over the phone. Their appointments are made over the phone, as opposed to a hooker or streetwalker: a hooker solicits for customers on the street. In general, hookers are a higher risk of contracting diseases due to the fact that they are less selective about their clientele and may not necessarily practice safe sex. The difference between a call girl and a street walker is that the call girls have cell phones, so you

Auditing And The Public Interest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing And The Public Interest - Assignment Example Being prepared by either internal or external auditors, audit report gives the evaluation of the performance of a company. The reports are not only essential to the management but also they are heavily relied upon by other parties including the shareholders, government, financial institutions and the general public. It is important to note that auditors only give an opinion as to whether or not the financial statements depict the correct financial position of a company. This paper seeks to discuss whether the current international regulatory environment for the auditing is effective in ensuring that investors and owners are provided with reliable information by external auditors. Public interest in relation to the (accounting and) audit profession According to the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) public interest entails the entity or individuals who are directly affected by the financial reports that are given by auditors or by the accountants. One of the major objectiv es that accountancy profession must strive to achieve is to safeguard the interest of the public. This includes provision of accurate and reliable financial information that is vital in making investment decision. ... essential to note that by ensuring uniformity in the financial statements of various companies, members of the public are in a position to determine the profitable and the well managed organizations. One of the major aspects of accountancy as depicted by Gonzalo (2009) is that in order to attain an efficient economy, it is vital for the financial accounts to be accurate and comparable. In this way, companies can access the risks that may negatively affect the public investments. He also stipulates that proper financial reporting results into efficient economic outcomes and common good while poor reporting adversely affect the performance of an economy. To create public confidence especially in the financial market, it is prudent for companies to provide adequate information that eliminates uncertainty which demotivates individuals to engage in transactions. Provision of independent certification which is the major role of auditors significantly creates confidence among the investors particularly in the current world of asymmetric information (Gonzalo 2009). In the same way, certainty is a key aspect that motivates individual to engage in purchasing of company products. In this regard, auditors should play an imperative role of public certification in order to increase public confidence and reduce uncertainty thus lowering the prices of the commodities. This will not only result to financial stability but also it generates social benefits to the individuals. One of the notable implications of proper auditing and professional accountancy is that they ensure comparability and verifiability of the financial information thus propagating public interest since they result to efficiency of markets. In order to ensure advancement of public interest, it is vital for auditors and

Information Technology And Some Infrastructure Challenges Information Technology Essay

Information Technology And Some Infrastructure Challenges Information Technology Essay To successfully implement an information technology infrastructure into an organization, it is critical that all levels work and plan together, and that the planning performed be proactive and strategic. Some components of the infrastructure may require an upgraded or be deleted; however, some components may not. Certain information about information systems, interaction, and processes, once collected, organized, and comprehended, can form an essential component of infrastructure which will outlive many of the upgrades to equipment and software. The focus of this paper is to explain what managerial roles does information system support, how has the Internet improved supply chain problems, list and describe the components of IT infrastructure that firms need to manage, name and describe the management challenges posed by IT infrastructure, and finally define Open-Source software. Management Roles Managers continue to perform critical roles in todays organizations. They have a wide variety of responsibilities ranging from decision making, compiling data, making reports, to coordinating meetings. To understand managerial role better, we must look at both the classical and contemporary models of managerial behavior. Classical Model Henri Fayol was one of the most significant providers to modern concepts of management, having stated that the five primary functions of management were planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding, and controlling (Rushing, 2010). Fayol believed management theories could be developed and then taught. Henri Fayol proposed that it is important to have unity of command. This concept that suggests there should be only one supervisor for each person in an organization. Fayol also suggested that management is a common human activity that applies equally well to and organization as it does to a family. This type of management theory was basically unchallenged from the 1920s through 1990s. The terms associated with Fayols management theory were of a formal nature rather than describe what a manager actually does in the performance of his job (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Contemporary Models The contemporary behavioral scientists had discovered that managers do not typically behave as the classical models had first implied. Behavioral models state that actual behavior of managers appear to be less systematic, more informal, less reflective, more reactive, less well organized, and much more frivolous than students of information systems and decision making generally expected it to be (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 87). Analyzing managers daily behaviors, Henry Mintzberg discovered that these actions could be classified into 10 managerial roles. Managerial roles can be described expectations of duties that should be performed by a manager in an organization. Mintzberg discovered that these roles could be broken down into three categories: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. Interpersonal Roles In general, interpersonal roles will be established by the type of position you hold in an organization. For example, lower level managers will have dissimilar interpersonal roles than middle management. The Interpersonal roles of a manager can be broken down into three categories: figurehead, leader, or a liaison. Figureheads within an organization speak for their companies to the outside world and carry out symbolic duties such as passing out awards to employees (Rushing, 2010). Additionally, there are numerous administrative tasks and they are also in the public and professional limelight. As a leader you are responsible for ensuring a safe and productive environment for your employees. The development of your department and your employees lies on the figureheads shoulders and they must be able to promote growth while at the same time steering clear of conflict. As a liaison you must be prepared to correspond with others. Liaisons not only report to upper management but will have to work with peers from other factions within an organization such as vendors, and even clients. The liaison is responsible for knowing who to get in touch with to get to the bottom of any situation. Informational Roles A monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson are the three informational roles that a manager may assume (Hartman, n.d.). These informational roles are created as a result of enacting the set of interpersonal roles already described. A network of interpersonal contacts with both subordinates and individuals outside the work unit serves to establish the manager as an informational nerve center of the unit, responsible for gathering, receiving, and transmitting information that concerns members of a specific department. A manager takes on the monitor role by constantly scanning the environment for information or activities and events that may identify opportunities or threats to the organization. Much of the managers gathering of information is accomplished through the network of contacts established through the interpersonal roles. The information a manager gathers as a monitor must be evaluated and transmitted as appropriate to members of the organization. The transmittal of information by a manager activates the disseminator role. Privileged information may be disseminated to subordinates, peers, or superiors in the organization. Occasionally, a manager must take on the role of a spokesperson by speaking on behalf of the department to people inside or outside the organization. This might involve lobbying for critical resources or appealing to individuals who have influence on activities that affect the work unit (Wren, 2005). Decisional Roles Both interpersonal and informational roles are really preludes to what are often considered to be a managers most important set of roles: the decisional roles of entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator (Laudon Laudon, 2006). The entrepreneur role comes into action when the manager seeks to improve the work unit (Rushing, 2010). This can be accomplished by adapting new techniques to fit a particular situation or modifying old techniques to improve individual or group activity. Managers usually learn of new or innovative methods through information gathered in the monitor role. Whereas the entrepreneur role establishes the manager as the initiator of change, the disturbance handler role establishes the manager as a responder to change. Organizations, unfortunately, do not run so smoothly that managers are never called upon to respond to unwelcome pressures. In these cases, the manager is required to act quickly to bring stability back to the organization. When a manager is placed in the position of having to decide to whom and in what quantity resources will be dispensed, the resource allocator role is assumed. Resources may include money, time, power, equipment, or people. During periods of resource abund ance, this role can be easily performed by a manager. In most cases, however, organizations operate under conditions of resource scarcity; thus, decisions on the allocation of resources can be critical for the success of the work unit, division, or organization. As a decision maker, the manager must strive not only to appropriately match resources with subordinates but also to ensure that the distribution of resources is coordinated to effectively complete the task to be performed (Rushing, 2010). In addition to decisions concerning organizational changes, disturbances, and resources, the manager must enact a negotiator role. The process of negotiation is possible only when an individual has the authority to commit organizational resources. Hence, as managers move up the managerial hierarchy and obtain control over more resources, they become more involved in the negotiator role. Supply Chain Management Supply chain management (SCM) combines the art and science that goes into improving the way an organization discovers the components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to its customers (Laudon Laudon, 2006). The idea of Supply Chain Management is built around two principal ideas. The first is that just about every product that reaches a customer represents the collective effort of multiple organizations. Together these organizations are referred as the supply chain. The second idea is that although supply chains have been around for a long time, many organizations have only paid attention to what was happening within their own organization. Few businesses understood and managed the entire chain of procedures that eventually delivered products to the final customer. The result was disorganized and often ineffective supply chains Internet and Supply Chains Supply chains in almost every business are at the start of a startling reinvention produced by the growth of the Internet. The change extends beyond performance advancements and efficiencies acquired from computerization and communication to incorporate brand new possibilities to create value. This new value results from coordinated supply chains that can extend to larger markets and shape goods and services to meet the customers needs and new products and services that adjust to the highly competitive and increasing environmental needs. The Internet alters the way in which supply chains are managed, designed and controlled. The information, choices and practices that form Supply Chain Management are shifting to the Internet, breaking old ideas and widening company boundaries. This common ground will be where entire supply chains truly can be synchronized. New unknown specialist providers of both virtual and physical activities will create their own exclusive roles in the new infrast ructure. In this ever changing environment, supply chain capabilities will be essential. But gaining those crucial competitive resources will not take place through the typical supply chain ideas of today (Challenges facing supply chain management, 2008). Internet Technology for Integrating Business Processes Information technology (IT) has always been utilized to handle exchanges of goods, services, and information between organizations. With the arrival of Internet-based business-to-business (B2B) electronic markets, on the other hand, real opportunities for online transactions have begun to open up (Samson, 2010). The emerging internet was definitely an unpredictable development. All the same, important operating criteria such as reliability, local structures and robustness always came to the fore. As a result, users had the opportunity to get access to a highly available international data network that stays operative even in case of a breakdown of some single nodes. One important aspect of globalization is concentration. As a logical consequence, international companies have to merge or to collaborate with each other to meet the requirements for a global distribution of their goods and services. In a networked economy, these enterprises are bound to unseal some parts of their IT infr astructure to allow the engaged parties an exchange of product and accounting data as well as current status information in order to sustain the supply chain. Furthermore, employees need improved business applications with enhanced functionalities to manage their all-day work. These applications replenish existing legacy systems by degrees. Long-ranging, these enhancements result in a heterogeneous network of computers and applications, as all those components require each other and have to be consolidated. In the context of integrating distributed business application systems, the vision of redundancy and robustness was not resumed consequently: A changing business environment results in new technical developments and increasing demand of IT supported execution of business processes (Needle, 2009). IT Infrastructure Information technology infrastructure can be defined as the tangible hardware used to link computers and users (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Infrastructure may include transmission media and other instruments that direct transmission paths. Infrastructure can also consist of the software that is used to send, receive, and manage transmitted signals. Additionally, infrastructure can refer to interconnecting hardware and software and not to computers and other devices that are interconnected. On the other hand, to some IT users, infrastructure is regarded as everything that maintains the continual flow and management of information. IT infrastructure today is comprised of seven major components: computer hardware platforms, operating system platforms, enterprise software applications, data management and storage, networking/telecommunications platforms, internet platforms, and consulting and system integration services (Samson, 2010). Computer Hardware Platforms The physical part of the computer is referred to as the computer hardware. This includes the digital circuitry, which is different than the computer software that executes within the hardware (Laudon Laudon, 2006). The hardware of a computer is rarely changed as compared to the computer software and data, which are soft in the sense that they are quickly created, tailored or deleted from the computer. The microprocessor is the core of any computing device. The two major companies that manufacture most microprocessing chips are Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Standard tests of the AMD chip alongside the Intel Celeron chip have shown that the AMD chip was better in performance. Operating System Platforms An operating system is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI) (Greer, 2009). Enterprise Software Applications The goal of enterprise software applications is to integrate applications into seamless processes throughout an organization. The two most popular applications in this group are customer relationship management and supply chain management systems. Business processes that have traditionally been optimized for internal efficiency can now add the element of superior customer service, tailored to each customer, inspiring the skills of trained agents in the call center. Back office processes are greatly improved with better information from the customer. Additionally, agents can slowly decrease the flow of paper, in favor of more efficient communication avenues such as e-mail and the web (von der Weth Starker, 2010). Data Management and Storage Organizations are collecting increasingly more data on its customers, employees, and even the organization itself. Being able to manage and storing the data so that it is readily accessible and supply meaningful information to the organization is developing into a discipline in and of itself (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Storage area networks (SANs) provide an organized, cost-effective way to combine data from across any system within the organization. Online users want direct access to data and SANs help organizations with a way to provide it. Networking/Telecommunications Platforms As we continue towards a completely digital world, networking and telecommunications platforms will begin to merge together. Instead than having a platform for networking computers and devices and a separate platform for telecommunications, we will begin to see businesses providing a combination of computers and peripheral devices, handheld PDAs telephone services, cell phone services, and wireless services all packaged together into one. A myriad of telecommunications companies have already merged with Internet service providers to provide complete digital service packages (Eren, Subasi, Coskun, 2008). Internet Platforms The Internet and subsequent technology continue to develop the services businesses are able to offer their employees, customers, suppliers, and other business partners (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Intranets and extranets constructed on Internet technologies provide businesses an easy and economical way of providing services that were extremely expensive just a few years ago. Many small and medium-sized businesses are using Web hosting services instead of purchasing new hardware necessary to support Web sites, intranets, and extranets. Its more cost effective and easier to have these service-providers manage hardware, software, and security issues, leaving the organization to concentrate on its primary processes. Consulting and System Integration Services Systems used in many large organizations are so complicated that its almost impossible to manage them by alone. Integration services offered by the companies like IBM and Hewlett-Packard are essential in keeping up with all the changes. In various ways it makes more sense for a company like Nike to focus on its core processes of making sports apparel and let a company like IBM take care of the technology issues. These services become more vital as many organizations combine their old legacy systems with newer technologies such as wireless networking. The old legacy systems merely cant be thrown away but must work flawlessly with todays newest technologies. Some organizations prefer not to completely replace legacy systems because its not cost effective, requires large amounts of training, and causes too much change in the organization. Its simpler to use middleware and other technologies to combine new and old systems (Schmidt, Otto, Osterle, 2010). Management Challenges Developing and managing a sound IT infrastructure raises multiple challenges: making wise infrastructure investments, coordinating infrastructure components, dealing with scalability and technology changes, and management and governance. Infrastructure Investments Just like investments in home remodeling often fail to provide a significant return on investment (ROI), it is frequently the case with investments in superior IT infrastructure components. IT Managers are constantly under the gun to decrease costs in order to fund new projects or to meet cost-reduction goals. Managers should make decisions to prevent overspending on component parts of the organizations computer systems. For example, high reliability storage, will offer little value if matched with servers or network connections of lower reliability. A string of high reliability components may surpass the necessities of the service they support. Any time the performance of any component notably goes above the requirements the incremental savings is pointless (Laudon Laudon, 2006). Coordinating Infrastructure Components Todays organizations develop IT infrastructures by choosing a variety of wholesalers, people, and technology services and fit them together so that they work as a whole (Samson, 2010). Because each part of the whole IT infrastructure has its own priorities, managing them collectively can be quite difficult. Some components of infrastructure will need to be upgraded or are subject to upgrade or replaced, as is with most components of computing systems. However, some components are not. Specific information about information systems and associated processes can form an essential component of infrastructure which will outlive many upgrades of equipment or software. Dealing with Scalability and Technology Changes In general terms, scalability refers to the ability of a system to maintain, if not improve, its average performance as the number of clients grows (Laudon Laudon, 2006). As an organization continues to grow, it can quickly out grow its infrastructure. On the other hand, if an organization downsizes, they may be stuck with an infrastructure that is too big and expensive to keep running. Every component of the infrastructure has some kind of management or operational overhead associated. Therefore, it is imperative that the organization recognizes these changes and takes appropriate actions to keep the organization moving forward. Management and Governance One of the most vital tasks for successful information management is developing the business governance over its program and related projects (Wren, 2005). Governance will apply a priority to the often-conflicting organizational pressures. It will take organizational plans and goals and help to form them into bounded endeavors. However, many organizations battle to get their governance programs up and running. They cant acquire interest, and they are in need of ideas to discuss after the initial objective is created. Information Systems and Ethical Issues Information systems introduce new and often complex ethical issues (Carroll Buchholtz, 2006). This is very true today because of the challenges created by the Internet and e-commerce to the safeguard of privacy and intellectual property. New ethical issues caused by vast use of information systems include creating accountability for the consequences of information systems, establishing standards to safeguard system quality that look after the safety of individuals and society, and upholding values and establishments considered vital to the quality of life in an information world. Whether you manage your own company or work in a large business, youll be facing these issues, and youll need to know how to handle them. Open-Source Software Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is created by a cooperation of several thousand programmers worldwide (Chan Husted, 2010). Some open source software is accessible within the public domain. The term open-source software was derived as part of a marketing campaign for free software. Open-source software is based on the premise that it is superior to commercially produced proprietary software because thousands of programmers around the world working for no pay can read, perfect, distribute, and modify the source code much faster , and with more reliable results , than small teams of programmers working for a single software company (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 209). Advantages Open-source software experts have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The key advantage for an organization is that open-source software is an excellent way for companies to attain better market penetration. Organizations that present open-source software are able to create an industry standard and, therefore, gain an advantage over its competition. Additionally, it has helped create loyalty to the developers. In turn, the developers feel a sense of empowerment and ownership of the end product. Furthermore, less marketing and logistical services costs are required for OSS. Also, it helps organizations to keep up on of all technology developments. Another advantage is that it is an excellent tool to market an organizations image, incorporating its commercial products. The open-source software development method has produce reliable, high quality software rapidly and at a much lower cost. Likewise, it offers the promise for a more adaptable technology and quicker improveme nt. The mix of different perspectives, business objectives, and personal goals helps speed up innovation. Additionally free software can be developed in concurrence with entirely technical requirements. Open-source software does not entail considering about commercial demands that tends to degrade the software quality (Chan Husted, 2010). Disadvantages On the other hand, it can be argued that the open-source development process may not be as clear and that some system testing and documentation may be overlooked. Nonetheless this is usually only true for smaller jobs. Bigger, successful jobs tend to define and impose, as a minimum, some rules because they are needed to ensure good teamwork. In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers. Even though many companies like IBM and Sun Microsystems support open source software there are no great financial interest involved.   A majority of the developers and advocates of free source software tend to believe in an unrealistic society that does not involve intellectual property rights   Therefore most of the applications are not dependable and you cannot run essential business operations on them. Another disadvantage is that once you choose to use open-source software you are on your own.   Although there is a lot of help available on the Web, there is no real skilled support available.   Basically, you have to learn how to install and use applications on your own, without damaging your data and hardware. There are no documents and manuals made available to help you since the software is being constantly being changed (Chan Husted, 2010). An additional drawback is that most of the open-source applications are not compatible with some of todays devices (Chan Husted, 2010). For example, there is no such thing as plug and play hardware when you are using open-source operating systems.   Occasionally it is hard to get modems to work with open source operating systems. Finally, technical support is more expensive compared to commercial software (Chan Husted, 2010). People who offer support for open-source software count on earning lots of money to provide support and in fact this is the only income model alleged in support of the open source software movement.

Iagos Justice :: essays papers

Iagos Justice In William Shakespeare’s play Othello, there lurks an evil that far is surpasses the darkness of the devil, it lies in the antagonist Iago. Othello who passes Iago up for a promotion simply because Iago is not a arithmetician, swears to take his revenge and destroy the moor and every thing Othello holds dear. Through this Iago plays judge, jury, and executioner, but is Iago’s justice justified or does his justice go far beyond the point of justice that he crosses the line. Once that line is crossed there is a point of no return. All barriers that may have at one point existed are now broken. Iago’s justice can never be justified, by taking or causing the bloodshed of the innocent for his own personal gain is no more justified then murder in cold blood. What ever promotion Iago is entitled to or what ever rights he may have is gone when he decides to create his own law. Nor should he posses the power to influence and decide the fate of others. â€Å"I hate the Moor;........Hell and night must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light† (I.ii.20). Iago intend to â€Å"abuse Othello’s ear† and convince Othello his wife Desdemona is an adultress, â€Å"framed to make women false† (I.i.20). Iago plans to bring the devils evil to earth in order to get his revenge on Othello. Although Iago’s justice can never be justified his anger pointed towards Othello can be. Despite all the rage, fury, resentment, prejudice, and anger Iago feels towards Othello; Iago feels all this and more to the appointed lieutenant Michael Cassio. For Cassio has never had experience on the battle field, â€Å"A fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife; That never set a squadron in the field, Nor the division of a battle knows† (I.i.1). Iago also points out that â€Å"preferment goes by letter and affection† (I.i.2). Iago is well aware of the fact that he is more qualified for the position but choices are based upon brain and not achievements on the field. In Iago’s pursuit of destroying the Moor and achieving his rightful position he destroys so many lives. Michael Cassio is soon striped of his position due to Iago’s deceit. Othello’s fair wife Desdemona is murdered by her own husband after Othello’s mind is poisoned by th e â€Å"honest† Iago.

Physical Activity at School Is Important Essay

Physical activity is important in many various ways. Aim for 30 minutes of physical activity a day on most days of the week. Your activity can be spread out through the day. Try for 10 minutes at a time, but even a few minutes’ counts. A big reason physical activity important is having strong bones. Another big reason is having a healthier heart and lungs. Another reason physical activity is important is because everybody needs a lot of energy. All three of these reasons are important in our everyday lives. My first reason is you get stronger bones. Having stronger bones is one of the main reasons of physical activity and its importance. A personal experience that has happened to me is that my uncle never exercised and got osteoporosis. Exercising just a few minutes each day will gain you stronger bones. Every minute counts. Want muscles? Exercise at least 30 minutes’ each day for a long period of time I guarantee you results. My second reason is having a healthier heart and lungs. This is also one of the main reasons of physical activity and its importance. A personal experience I’ve gone through is that my grandpa died from chronic disease. Try keeping your heart and lungs extremely healthy. Avoid heart disease and acute disease. Nobody likes that. Live a long and healthier life. My third and final reason is having more energy. More energy throughout the day is magnificent. A personal experience that I’ve gone through is having no energy. Exercising allows more energy to flow through your body and be more enthusiastic during the day. In conclusion I believe physical is important in various ways. One reason is because you maintain stronger bones. Another reason is because you get a healthier heart and lungs. And the last reason is you get more energy. This content has shown most of the important reasons of why physical activity is important.

Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9

The Symphony No. 9 is the last complete symphony by the great Ludwig van Beethoven, composed while he was completely deaf. Considered as one of Beethoven's greatest masterpieces, Symphony No. 9 is perhaps the best known compositions of romantic music.It is scored for strings, 2 oboes, 2 flutes, 2 clarinets in B-flat and C, piccolo (fourth movement only), 2 bassoons, contrabassoon (fourth movement only), timpani, triangle (fourth movement only), bass drum (fourth movement only), cymbals (fourth movement only), 3 trombones (alto, tenor, and bass, second and fourth movements only), 2 horns (3 and 4) in B-flat (bass), 2 horns (1 and 2) in D and B-flat, and 2 trumpets in D and B-flat. Symphony No. 9 also has vocal parts, consisting of baritone solo, soprano solo, tenor solo, alto solo, and a choir in four parts – bass, alto, soprano, and tenor (which is divided briefly into Tenor I and Tenor II).Beethoven shows in Symphony No. 9, as in his other symphonies, an exceptional gift for communication. Here, he radiated a supreme directness that makes the symphony totally accessible. The absolute emotional power in this symphony is readily understood and the revolutionary compositional ideas that make up the symphony are easily appreciated.It is revolutionary on many levels: rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, formal, emotional, and self-expressive. It is interesting in that it breaks with time-honored distinctions and conventions and to give precedence to Beethoven’s expressive desires and needs and desires. The ethereal, monumental, and triumphant emotion reflected in the Ninth Symphony is surprising given the energetic humor of Symphony No. 1, the worrying â€Å"fate knocking on the door† opening of Symphony No. 5, the pastoral reflection in Symphony No. 6.Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9 is truly is among the greatest achievements of the human spirit. Symphony No. 9 is in four movements: the first movement is marked as allegro ma non troppo, un poco maes toso; the second movement as molto vivace, the third movement is marked as adagio molto e cantabile; and the fourth movement as presto/recitative. Beethoven’s arrangement adopts a somewhat unusual Classical pattern, with the scherzo movement in second position, instead of the normal third position.The symphony’s first movement is in sonata form, which follows a formal model that had guided the artist throughout his career. In general, the mood is stormy and bleak. A striking moment here is the commencement of the recapitulation section, which as opposed to literally repeating the pianissimo opening bars in D minor, it shifts to fortissimo D major, a key change which surprises many listeners, ironically, as expressing awe or terror. A scherzo, the second movement is in D minor.The theme in the opening echoes the theme of the first movement. The second movement is noteworthy for its timpani solos and propulsive rhythm. The third movement has the deeply felt and lyrical s low movement, in B-flat major. His movement is written in a loose variation form, with each of the two variations dividing the basic beat to produce a more elaborate melodic configuration than what went before – the first is in 4/4 time and the second is in 12/8 time.A virtuosic horn solo assigned to the fourth player is also notable in the third movement. Symphony No. 9 is famous for its choral finale, which has awed many listeners as somewhat rambling. Within the fourth movement are four movements. However, this final movement in the symphony is different from an independent symphony due to its thematic unity. Every part is based on either the main theme, the â€Å"Seid umschlungen† theme, or some combination of the two themes.

Definition and Examples of Putative Should in English

Definition and Examples of Putative 'Should' in English In English grammar, putative should is the use of the word should in contexts that indicate surprise or disbelief, or that refer to the occurrence (or possible occurrence) of some situation or event. This usage differs from the should of obligation (i.e., the mandative should). As noted by Randolph Quirk et al., putative should (also called emotional should) occurs in that clauses after expressions of emotion (sorrow, joy, displeasure, surprise, wonder, etc.), and is often accompanied by intensifying expressions such as so, such, like this/that, ever, or at all (A Comprehensive Grammar, 1985). In addition, putative should  occurs in subordinate clauses as an alternative to the subjunctive after expressions of suggesting, advising, etc.: They insisted that I (should) stay the whole week (Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 1994). Putative should is more common in British English than in American English. Also Known  As:  emotional  should, attitudinal  should, hypothetical  should, subjunctive  should Examples Major Green gently nodded and then briefly glanced through the same porthole, behind which the Earth lay static and diminutive, no bigger than an average football. The oddest thing for me is that people should be living there at all! he exclaimed on a softly humorous note. (John OLoughlin, Millennial Projections, 1983)It is surprising that you should find this practice shocking, since you French cut off the heads of your King and Queen. (Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia, 1941)I know its a little strange, a little bit of a contradiction, that a far-seeing place should also be a basement place, but thats how it is with me. (Stephen King, Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner, 2000)It seems a great shame you should have to pay for what Albert and Clara did. (Arnold Bennett, These Twain, 1915)It is sad that you should talk such nonsense, and sadder that I should have to listen.(Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller, Studies in Humanism , 1912) Peter Walsh, who had done just respectably, filled the usual posts adequately, was liked, but thought a little cranky, gave himself airs- it was odd that he should have had, especially now that his hair was grey, a contented look; a look of having reserves. (Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway, 1925) Adjectives With Putative Should The adjectives anxious, eager, and willing are followed by a thats are appropriate, essential, important, vital. Adjectives which can be followed by a verb phrase in the thats are afraid, angry, hopeful, inconceivable, odd, sad, sorry, surprised, surprising. (Ilka Mindt, Adjective Complementation: An Empirical Analysis of Adjectives Followed by That-Clauses. John Benjamins, 2011) Factual Should In most of its uses, should is to be found in contexts which are either counterfactual (as in You should be in your office at this time of day, which presupposes ...but you are not in your office) or tentative (as in You should give up smoking, which contains a presupposition approximately paraphrasable as ...but Im not sure you will give up smoking). In some cases, however, should is used in contexts which- at least apparently- contain no negative implication. These contexts, which may be called factual, seem to contradict the hypothesis that -ed always expresses a presupposition of unreality. (Most factual uses of should concern what is often called putative should- see, for instance, Quirk et al...The coincidence of the two categories, however, is only partial.) (Paul Larreya, Irrealis, Past Time Reference and Modality. Modality in Contemporary English, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred G. Krug, and Frank Robert Palmer. Walter de Gruyter, 2003) Jespersen on Emotional Should We may use the term emotional should for the use of should in passing a judgment of an emotional character (agreeable or disagreeable surprise, indignation, joy) on some occurrence which may, or may not, be a fact. A sentence like Why was the date omitted? is a mere factual question, but Why should the date of the document be omitted? implies wonder and, possibly, some suspicion of the purity of the motives. Compare further: Where the divell should he learne our language? (Sh.). Why should they try to influence him? [I see no reason] Someone asking for you. Who should ask for me? Similarly, these examples show use in clauses: It is not good that the man should be alone (AV). It was quite natural that the Russians should hate their oppressors. Why should she have done so, I can hardly tell. It is strange that she married (or has married) such an old man merely states the fact; It is strange that she should have married such an old man lays more stress on the strangeness by using the imaginative should in the clause. (Otto Jespersen, Essentials of English Grammar. George Allan Unwin, 1933) Also See Conditional Clause  and  Conditional SentenceConfused Words:  Should  and  Would

Free Essays on Purpose Of Man

â€Å"It’s 1997, I’m sitting in my room asking myself the question that will change my life. What is my purpose in life? At that time I was pretty sure that I was suppose to be a professional baseball player. But God had some different plans. That next morning I woke up to go to church camp. I was just recently saved and baptized so this Christian thing was a fairly new concept for me. I pretty much thought that that was all I had to do for the rest of my life and I could just go on living the way that I did. Well that week God changed my life. He showed me that I need to be a servant for him, I needed to obey him and trust that he will deliver me. So that He might be pleased and glorified.† In this essay will discuss what the purpose of man is. Man is to live for God in Holy Devotion and Service that God might be pleased and glorified. God tells us that Man must have a personal relationship with Him and have the right understanding about Him. Take Paul for example, Paul had one of the best relationships with God in the Bible. He was persecuted, beaten and hated against. Just because He knew and talked about God. In order to please God, Man must have faith. But what is faith? Faith is knowing that Jesus is always there and He will provide when in troubled times. Again take Paul, he was imprisoned and God gave the ability to over come that troubling time in his life. And he got blessed because of it. God is also delighted in those who know and understand His person and works. First off Man should not boast at his own works to delight God. A reason for this is Man can not get to heaven by his own works. Man can only get to heaven Jesus Christ who died on the cross for our sins that man might not parish but have every lasting life. But if man chooses to boast let it be on knowing the Lord. God also req uires us to do justly, fear God, and walk in all His ways. In Deuteronomy 6:10-25 tells us that Man should ha... Free Essays on Purpose Of Man Free Essays on Purpose Of Man â€Å"It’s 1997, I’m sitting in my room asking myself the question that will change my life. What is my purpose in life? At that time I was pretty sure that I was suppose to be a professional baseball player. But God had some different plans. That next morning I woke up to go to church camp. I was just recently saved and baptized so this Christian thing was a fairly new concept for me. I pretty much thought that that was all I had to do for the rest of my life and I could just go on living the way that I did. Well that week God changed my life. He showed me that I need to be a servant for him, I needed to obey him and trust that he will deliver me. So that He might be pleased and glorified.† In this essay will discuss what the purpose of man is. Man is to live for God in Holy Devotion and Service that God might be pleased and glorified. God tells us that Man must have a personal relationship with Him and have the right understanding about Him. Take Paul for example, Paul had one of the best relationships with God in the Bible. He was persecuted, beaten and hated against. Just because He knew and talked about God. In order to please God, Man must have faith. But what is faith? Faith is knowing that Jesus is always there and He will provide when in troubled times. Again take Paul, he was imprisoned and God gave the ability to over come that troubling time in his life. And he got blessed because of it. God is also delighted in those who know and understand His person and works. First off Man should not boast at his own works to delight God. A reason for this is Man can not get to heaven by his own works. Man can only get to heaven Jesus Christ who died on the cross for our sins that man might not parish but have every lasting life. But if man chooses to boast let it be on knowing the Lord. God also req uires us to do justly, fear God, and walk in all His ways. In Deuteronomy 6:10-25 tells us that Man should ha...

John Mauchly, Creator of UNIVAC and ENIAC

John Mauchly, Creator of UNIVAC and ENIAC Electrical engineer John Mauchly is best known for co-inventing, alongside  John Presper Eckert, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, known as  ENIAC. The team later co-invented the first commercial (for sale to consumers) digital electronic computer, called the UNIVAC. Early Life John Mauchly was born on August 30, 1907 in Cincinnati, Ohio, and grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland. In 1925 Mauchly attended Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, on a full scholarship and graduated with a degree in physics. John Mauchlys Introduction to Computers By 1932, John Mauchly had received his Ph.d. in physics. However, he had always maintained an interest in electrical engineering. In 1940, while Mauchly was teaching physics at Ursinus College in Philadelphia, he was introduced to the newly developing field of electronic computers. In 1941, John Mauchly attended a training course (taught by John Presper Eckert) in electronics at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Immediately after completing the course, Mauchly also became an instructor at the Moore school. John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert It was at Moore that John Mauchly began his research on designing a better computer and began his long working relationship with John Presper Eckert. The team collaborated on the construction of the ENIAC, completed in 1946. They subsequently left the Moore school to start their own business, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. The National Bureau of Standards asked the new company to build the Universal Automatic Computer, or  UNIVAC- the first computer to be produced commercially in the United States. John Mauchlys Later Life and Death John Mauchly formed Mauchly Associates, of which he was president from 1959 to 1965. He later became chairman of the board. Mauchly was the president of Dynatrend Inc. from 1968 to his death in 1980 and also president of Marketrend Inc. from 1970 again until his death. John Mauchly died on January 8 1980, in Ambler, Pennsylvania.

Drug Dose and Its Concentration at Receptors Essay - 1

Drug Dose and Its Concentration at Receptors - Essay Example These factors are discussed in more detail below, based on the description of Goodman, et al. (2011, ch. 2). The characteristics of the drug molecule itself that affect the drug’s concentration at the receptor site include its molecular size, degree of ionization, lipid solubility, and its affinity for serum and tissue proteins. The plasma membrane (of skin or intestinal cells, for example) is a common barrier to drug distribution; drugs that are not lipid soluble will not be able to permeate the membrane and not reach the target site. A drug of small molecular size will travel more easily through the membranes than a larger molecule, reaching the target in higher concentrations. Ionized molecules, and those that bind to proteins, also have difficulties in passing through the membrane. If the drug has a tendency to ionize at the pH of the intestinal lumen or the blood, the ionized form will have difficulty passing through lipid plasma membranes. If the drug interacts with tran sporter proteins on the cell membrane, its uptake into the cell may be increased or decreased, depending on the direction in which the transporter moves the drug. For example, the P-glycoprotein in enterocytes limits the oral absorption of some cancer chemotherapeutic agents by exporting them back into the lumen of the GI tract. Similarly, it has been found that multidrug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (PGP) and members of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) family are over-expressed in capillary endothelial cells in epileptogenic brain tissue, and, by transporting anti-epileptic drugs out, these proteins may be responsible for the pharmacoresistance of the epileptic brain to anti-epileptic drugs (LÃ ¶scher and Potschka, 2002).

Society 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Society 2 - Assignment Example It has made some unexpected communication processes possible and quicker at the same time. The purpose of this essay is to discuss and analyze NFC and mobile payment technology. Moreover, this paper will also discuss the societal and cultural impacts of NFC and Mobile payment technology. Figure 1: Life with NFC technology (Rackley, 2011) Understanding the New Trends; NFC and Mobile Payments: Saving time and labor, these new shifts in communication technology have helped the mankind in every possible way. However, it has set new trends in this world as well. Processes, which used to take weeks and months, are now just a click and touch away. Near Field Communication generally known as NFC is a kind of application or a standardized setting in the smart phones and all other similar devices such as tablets, iPads etc. The basic purpose of NFC is to set up a radio communication between smart phones or others devices by bringing them in touch with each other or at least in close immediacy depending on the requirements of the device. Once the connection has been established, a lot of tasks can be performed through it, such as contactless transactions, exchange of data / information, or a set up of multifaceted communications e.g. Wi-Fi. The communication can also be established between a NFC device and a powered off NFC chip (tag) (Coskun, Ok, & Ozdenizci, 2011). Figure 2: Image showing the working of NFC (Coskun, Ok, & Ozdenizci, 2011). With the growing technology, the payment methods are also made easy and simplified. All kinds of payments from utility to the bank and other financial payments are now on your fingertips. Mobile payment is a term which is used for the payments of different things through the smart phones. It is also known as mobile money, mobile money transfer or mobile wallet. It was a long time back when people used to carry bundles of cash and brief cases with them in order to make payments. With this technology this technique has almost diminished . At present a majority of people prefer paying through their mobiles for a variety of services. Instead of paying cash or cheque, they use their phones (Saylor, 2013). Trends: These new technologies have captured almost every country and have set new trends for the payments and transfer methods. According to the financial survey, the combined amount of mobile payments which were made by 2013 has reached $600 Billion globally. This amount is almost the double of what it was in the February of 2011 stating that the adoption toward the technology is increasing enormously. With the rise in smart electronic devices and the smart and catchy internet deals and the revival of Internet IPO it is believed that 2011 was the most transformative year in terms of technology (Schwartz, 2011). Impacts on Society and Culture: Talking about the societal trends regarding NFC and mobile marketing then according to an article published by CNN 2012 has been claimed as the year of NFC and mobile marketin g (Cashmore, 2011). It was also claimed that the mobile payments and NFC will expand and blossom more in 2013. This defines that the adoption of the trend is growing largely in the world and people are becoming more inclined towards the technology. New methods and techniques are continuously evolving by the technology makers this year following the boom and success of NFC and mobile payments. People in developed countries are more likely to be influenced of the technology while it is

We Googled You Case Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

We Googled You Case Assignment - Essay Example acquire the high ended rich clients in the three main cities in the China where people are known to be rich enough to purchase their designer products. This can only be achieved through finding ways to penetrate the Chinese market and be accepted by the Chinese people in order to excel. The goals and objectives of the company are clear and they all point towards the direction of infiltrating Chinese market and establishing their products there. The only way it can accomplish this goal and the ones mentioned above is by having a team of experts on Chinese culture and their business market in order to smooth the way for their entry as well as help in establishing the best strategic locations to set up their stores in the three suggested Chinese cities. The main issue that has raised questions and needs a decision and a quick one for that matter is on the matter of Mimi and her information on the internet. Mimi is a very qualified team member for the Chinese market entry and her input is highly necessary if the takeover is to be without hitches as her experience of China together with her Chinese education can come in handy. The only problem is that eight years ago, Mimi was involved in non-violent demonstrations between the Chinese and the American government and this information was uploaded on Google and was found by the Human Resource Manager. The first alternative is for Fred who is the CEO and the HR manager to call Mimi back and ask her to explain about the information on Google in order to get clarification. The other alternative is for them to assume the whole issue as it happened eight years ago and sweep it under the rag and still hire Mimi for the position in the China team. Lastly, they can regard the matter heavily and not hire Mimi as it will bring bad publicity to the company since anybody can find the information online and it can lead to them losing their business in the long run or affect market relations especially with the Chinese. I

Intelligence Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Intelligence Collection - Essay Example The subsequent retrieval operations in an area controlled by Russian-backed separatist rebels was the result of intense diplomatic negotiations to allow access but the importance of this request was to gather additional incriminating evidence as to who really shot down the airplane. An implication of materials and biologic collection techniques was to detect any traces of chemicals used in the shooting down of that plane using a missile (BBC News Europe para. 4). Chemical evidence as to what type of missile it was (a Buk or SA-11 version) can complement eyewitness accounts on the ground (HUMINT) as well as data from the radar systems in the flight path (COMINT). Part 2. Materiel Acquisition – the value of acquiring sensitive materials like that of what happened during a mid-air collision between a Chinese fighter jet and an American spy plane is to gain intelligence about what materials were used on the manufacture of the plane (sensitive or light-weight metals or other materials that deflect radar) or the extremely sophisticated electronic systems and avionics used on the spy plane. It allows China access to all these materials and be able to study them later in their own laboratories. The particular spy plane was made by the firm of defense contractor Lockheed and forced to land in Hainan Island after being damaged. But the plane was eventually returned to the U.S. in its dismantled form already (Eckert, 2002). Its value in intelligence was allow the Chinese to study as they cannot have it due to arms

Welfare Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welfare Law - Essay Example In order to manage radical reform we should have the understanding of how sickness and disability might affect our ability to work. In affect, a length of time causing delays in the work cycle as a result. This pause must be considered as a delay in fulfilling work obligations, not a cessation of it. Each of us in one way or another would have benefits for sickness and disability, but we first must understand the Pension Act of 2004 to understand what benefits we have. The Pension Act of 2004 assists employers and employees in protecting members' benefits, while the Financial Assistance Scheme provides help to those who might have lost out before the Pension Protection Fund was established. The Pension Protection Fund goes hand in hand with measures in the Act that primarily help employers to provide pensions. This change would, in effect, compliment the radical tax simplification in this year's Finance Act, which from April 2006 will replace today's eight separate tax regimes with one single regime. The third key dimension of the Act would include a set of measures that will empower people to plan, work and save for their retirement. Employers have a significant role to play in the pensions partnership. This role is one of providing access, information and contributions to pensions for their employees. The workplace would be an effective environment through which people have the ability to save. Administration is more efficient and there would in fact be tax advantages for the employer and the employee. The existence of a good pension provision helps staff recruitment, retention and motivation. Another contributor to the pensions partnership is the Pensions Commission. It in effect would set up the publication of the Green Paper to monitor and independently review the private pensions and long-term savings systems. As a result of ensuing consultation, the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions published 'Working and Saving for Retirement: Action on Occupational Pensions' [Cm 5835]. This publication focused increasinly on needs such as member protection which rank alongside other similarly significant themes. It presaged primary legislation across the areas consulted. Areas consulted would have included a Pension Protection Fund to compensate members of defined benefit and hybrid schemes whose employers become insolvent leaving the pensions scheme unable to meet its liabilities. The European Directive on the Activities and Supervision of Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision was adopted in September 2003 for implementation by September 2005. The Government wishes for people to make informed choices about how and when to save, and how long to work, so they receive the income they expect in retirement. The Government hopes to empower older people to improve their retirement prospects by keeping them active for longer periods of time. The current state pension age is 65. The age is set here so that no-one is forced to work beyond that unless they want too. But, by tackling age discrimination and freeing people to work part-time while drawing a pension, it hopes to make working longer more attractive. There are plans to: provide a better option for people who choose to draw their State Pension beyond their State Pension age - including a new option to take a lump sum and use it in any manner. ensure that compulsory retirement ages unlawful, unless employers can show that they are objectively justified. allow people to continue working for the same employers while drawing

Choice overload Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Choice overload - Essay Example The most widely referenced source in this regard is Schwartz’s. It is due to this reason that the following paper will be greatly based on the source or the book written by Schwartz entitled, â€Å"The Paradox of Choice†. It is imperative to understand the basic definition of the concept choice overload before looking at various perspectives on the subject of matter. It is an evident fact that choice overload is associated with the ability of the consumers to buy more products. The consumers observe the choices when they are given more than one product of a same kind. It does not only make consumers think about the limitless options they have but also think of better ways to consume the product. At times, it is also noted that the concept of choice overload is a behavioural aspect to be learned within the field of psychology. The term Choice Overload is also known as Overchoice. Choice overload is defined in many aspects; it has directly linked to the consumer behaviour and decision-making. Choice overload is now considered as a major problem facing by consumers at the time of purchase. It is also defined that manufacturers, retailers, and other businesses have not increased the choice overload in term of giving options in products, but they have also overloaded the related information. Giving multiple alternatives and bundle of choices does not satisfy the need of a consumer, it rather drive them in psychological depression and thrive their stress level. Consumer start losing their confidence and level of confusion arise which eventually resulted in disturbing their personality (Lee & Lee, 2004). As per the study conducted by Cherev, Bockenholt, and Goodman (2012), it has been noted that despite a lot of stress on providing options to the consumers, it is still not sure that assortments can be beneficial for the

Welfare Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welfare Law - Essay Example In order to manage radical reform we should have the understanding of how sickness and disability might affect our ability to work. In affect, a length of time causing delays in the work cycle as a result. This pause must be considered as a delay in fulfilling work obligations, not a cessation of it. Each of us in one way or another would have benefits for sickness and disability, but we first must understand the Pension Act of 2004 to understand what benefits we have. The Pension Act of 2004 assists employers and employees in protecting members' benefits, while the Financial Assistance Scheme provides help to those who might have lost out before the Pension Protection Fund was established. The Pension Protection Fund goes hand in hand with measures in the Act that primarily help employers to provide pensions. This change would, in effect, compliment the radical tax simplification in this year's Finance Act, which from April 2006 will replace today's eight separate tax regimes with one single regime. The third key dimension of the Act would include a set of measures that will empower people to plan, work and save for their retirement. Employers have a significant role to play in the pensions partnership. This role is one of providing access, information and contributions to pensions for their employees. The workplace would be an effective environment through which people have the ability to save. Administration is more efficient and there would in fact be tax advantages for the employer and the employee. The existence of a good pension provision helps staff recruitment, retention and motivation. Another contributor to the pensions partnership is the Pensions Commission. It in effect would set up the publication of the Green Paper to monitor and independently review the private pensions and long-term savings systems. As a result of ensuing consultation, the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions published 'Working and Saving for Retirement: Action on Occupational Pensions' [Cm 5835]. This publication focused increasinly on needs such as member protection which rank alongside other similarly significant themes. It presaged primary legislation across the areas consulted. Areas consulted would have included a Pension Protection Fund to compensate members of defined benefit and hybrid schemes whose employers become insolvent leaving the pensions scheme unable to meet its liabilities. The European Directive on the Activities and Supervision of Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision was adopted in September 2003 for implementation by September 2005. The Government wishes for people to make informed choices about how and when to save, and how long to work, so they receive the income they expect in retirement. The Government hopes to empower older people to improve their retirement prospects by keeping them active for longer periods of time. The current state pension age is 65. The age is set here so that no-one is forced to work beyond that unless they want too. But, by tackling age discrimination and freeing people to work part-time while drawing a pension, it hopes to make working longer more attractive. There are plans to: provide a better option for people who choose to draw their State Pension beyond their State Pension age - including a new option to take a lump sum and use it in any manner. ensure that compulsory retirement ages unlawful, unless employers can show that they are objectively justified. allow people to continue working for the same employers while drawing

A Cream Cracker Essay Example for Free

A Cream Cracker Essay Despite these similarities and minor differences one of the major differences between the two plays is that mum has an accident and as a result from that dies later. In George mum has an accident and falls down the stairs. This moment is very symbolic. After the bird rein acts the sound of Davids mum falling down the stairs, David becomes greatly dismayed as he realises his mother was all alone, and left to die for three days. At this point Judy tries to shut out the bird, and in doing so the memory of his mother by covering the cage in a cloth. This shows Judy as being very controlling over David which is reinforced when she says dont be silly, darling. You were wonderful with her and that she simply couldnt have his mother stay in a house with them, which shows that that was taken into consideration but denied by Judy. In A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Doris actually chooses to die and the play leads up to this choice. When Doris chooses to die this moment is also very symbolic. Are you all right? No. Im all right. When the policeman came along she wanted to ask for help but decided in the end that she would rather die and have her time than go to Stafford House. Stafford House is greatly regarded by Doris as a place where You go daft there, theres nowhere else for you to go but daft. Throughout the play she has made the impression that she never wants to go to Stafford House and at the end we find out she would rather die. As well as the similarities in the plot the two women are very similar. Both characters are old, widowed women who require the need of visitors. Both women are of working class. The dialect of the characters reinforces this, Doriss accent is that of a Northerner and reflects Alan Bennett as he was a Northerner himself and uses it in his characters. The language is informal and colloquial: I never saw no list or Thems her leaves, she also swears mildly oh hell, the flaming buffet when recounting the circumstances of her accident, but later uses the even less offensive Oh stink. She speaks very direct. At the end her thoughts wander more and more to the past making it seem more like a stream of consciousness. However, in George the dialogue is by David, Judy and George. Therefore, we can only assume that mum spoke like George because of his characterisation. If this is the case then we can come to conclusions that mum was of working class because of the dialect and dialogue of George. Georges voice is that of an old woman, plaintively complaining about loneliness, poverty and coldness. The language is very colloquial and informal, as in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee. However, there are key differences in these women as in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee the focus of the play is on Doris as she reveals herself in monologue whereas in George the focus of the play seems to be more on the relationship between David and his mum. The other differences between the women are to do with the impression we get. We know more about Doris than we do about Mum but from the information and description through Davids dialogue we understand Doris to be more independent and dominant than Mum. We understand that Doris is independent because from the beginning of the play she wants to the dusting herself and does not believe that her home help are doing there job. Her attitude towards Zulema shows us that she is quite stubborn and just because Zulema said she had dusted everywhere Doris immediately looks around to try and find a patch that she hasnt dusted. At first we may question Zulemas abilities but we soon realise that she wouldnt have time to clean everywhere as she has other peoples houses to clean and cannot spend too much time on each. This explains why later on when Doris says, Zulema wont touch them. Says if I want leaves swept Ive to contact the Parks Department. This may seem like a small and not a time consuming job but if Zulema was to sweep Doris leaves then everybody who she visits might ask for their leaves swept and this would make Zulema behind schedule and might eventually lose her job. In both plays there is an interesting use of shifting perspective for the audience. David and Judy present Davids mother and her situation in one way and then we are given a different perspective on the situation by George. We understand this because David and Judy are trying to fool themselves to believe that they did all they could to help his mother and that he had been wonderful with her. However, from what we understand from George is that she was all alone and when she was cold there was no one there to help her with the heating. There is also an interesting shift of perspective in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee. Although, Doris isnt trying to fool herself in the same way, we also get a sense of a second story or different version of events as she comments on other characters and her relationship with them for example when she talks about Wilfred. When Doris is talking about when she lost the baby she regards Wilfred as someone who seemed as if he didnt really care and didnt want a child in the first place. However, we realise that he probably did want the baby and only suggested alternatives, he started talking about getting a dog, to try and make her happier. This could be why Doris obsession with cleaning may have started because she would have had something to occupy her time with. Her obsession may have started here because when the midwife called Doris stillborn son dirty Doris says, He wasnt dirty, little thing; she disagrees and would have been traumatised by the ordeal of losing her baby. One of the most interesting similarities between the plays is the way they use visual symbolism. In George there are a number of symbolic moments during the play. Two of the most symbolic moments are when Judy covers up the cage and when David rips the cover back off. When Judy covers up the cage it symbolises when David never visited his mum and it seemed as if he was covering her up and also because at the beginning they seemed to fool themselves into believing that they did all they could. Therefore, they were covering up the real reason why his mother died. When he rips the sheet off it suggests that he wants to try and make things right because David doesnt want to cover George up as he did to his mum. It almost seems as if he wants his mum back so he can make it right to her. In A Cream Cracker Under the Settee there are also many symbolic moments. One of which is when Doris cracks the photograph of her and Wilfred. Cracked the photo. Were cracked, Wilfred. This is symbolic because it has fallen from the wall as a result of Doris endless campaign against dust, and the glass has cracked. This represents the destructive nature of Doris cleaning mania, the loss of Wilfred and particularly, with Doris choice to die at the end, the end of marriage both in Doris memory and on life. The fact that she holds on to the picture throughout the monologue may also suggest she is unwilling to let go of the past. One of the major differences arises from the medium each play was written for. George was written to be performed on stage as a stage play. It is non-realistic and bizarre because if it was written for a television programme or something more realistic there would not be a mynah bird talking. Also, because on a stage of the living room the bird would be constantly in view so the audience could not forget about it or ignore it as David and Judy ignored his mother. A Cream Cracker Under the Settee was written for a television drama especially for the actress Thora Hird. The play is more naturalistic and uses convention just as much but it is more subtle and therefore, not as obvious as it is in George. The close-ups enable the viewers to recognise the facial expressions and feel what Doris feels. Although both plays are hard-hitting and involve a lot of impact at the end I think that George has more impact on me because it is revealed more slowly and is seen through the eyes of a mynah bird which makes it more surreal and the moment when David is arguing with George sets the play up for a visual and clear ending of Davids mum lying at the bottom of the stairs on the floor for three days. I think that this play has more impact because it isnt just about mum and the isolation she was in but also the relationship she had with her son and the fact that he neglected her and her needs. Although I find George has more impact people may disagree because it is a shock when we realise that Doris has chosen to die. It is a very tense and shocking moment.

Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetes Experiment

Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetes Experiment MATERIALS AND METHODS 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Animal Selection and Care STZ induced diabetes are commonly performed in Male Wistar Kyoto rats. In these models, male Wistar rats at 8 weeks of age (200–300 g) are selected from animal supply facility of SGPGIMS Lucknow, and house in a 12-h light, 12-h dark cycle environment, temperature 25 °C, with standard rat diet and water in metabolic cages for one week prior to STZ treatments. The study had clearance from Institute animal ethics committee. 3.2 Study Design Wistar Rat (Preparation and Validation of animal model of DN) 50 mg/kg STZ induced Diabetic Rat (n=3) Normal Rat (n=3) After 8th week rat are sacrificed for validation of Diabetic nephropathy 3.3 Induction and Validation of Diabetes by Streptozotocin There is a lack of appropriate animal model that could spontaneously develop DN. It has been a significant limitation to find out specific factors that is underlying this disease and also the development of new therapeutic methods or strategies to prevent progressive renal disease in diabetes (Morcelo A. Nobrega et. al. 2004). Most Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats are used as model for performing STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy. Here, in these models, 8 weeks old male rats (200-250gm) are starved or kept on fasting for 18hrs and after that STZ was injected intraperitoneal (WKY-50mg/kg, SD-55mg/kg and SHR-45mg/kg) with sodium citrate buffer (1ml/kg) (Ma G et. al. 2004 and Cooper ME et. al. 1988). STZ given here intraperitoneally to the rats, however, it is a very less common procedure as intravenous injections are comparatively easy to perform in rats and give more reliable results. In addition to the STZ dosage required for inducing diabetes via an intraperitoneal route is relatively higher as compared to other route. After giving STZ, the rats should be given ample amount of drinking water with sucrose for 48 hrs (15g/L), to avoid early mortality of rats as stored insulin is released from damaged pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. After completion of 1 week of STZ induction, the rats must be assessed for hyperglycaemia and also those with fasting blood glucose of over 280 mg/dl (15 mmol/L), which is usually around 90%, and it should be included in the studies of diabetic nephropathy. In order to prevent subsequent development of ketone uria, subsequent injections of long-acting insulin (approx. 2-4 U/rat) should be given daily to maintain the blood glucose levels in a desirable range(300-600 mg/dl, 16-33 mmol/l) (Davis BJ et. al. 2003). Studies exploring the effects of treatment on the development of DN should not be underway until at least 3 weeks after STZ when the kidneys have improved from the acute mild nephrotoxic effects of STZ (Kraynak AR et . al. 1995) This drug i.e., STZ has been shown to induce a diabetic state in 72 hrs (3 days) as documented by examining tail blood samples using a Glucometer (Optimum Exceed) Diabetic animals and non-diabetic control group were kept in metabolic cages individually and separately and under feeding and metabolism control. Glucose in the blood of diabetic rats exceeded that of the non-diabetic control ones. Food consumption was measured in terms of (gm), water consumption was measured in terms of (ml) and urine volume was measured in terms of (ml) on a daily basis and glucose in blood serum were also measured, so that chemical diabetes was verified in rats injected with Streptozotocin. 3.4 Estimation of Creatinine Modified Jaffe’s method was used for colorimetric estimation of creatinine concentration in urine samples. Principle: Creatinine + picric acid Creatinine picrate (Yellow) (Orange) The resultant orange color is measured colorimetrically. However, the intensity of the resultant orange color is directly proportional to the concentration of creatinine in the sample. Method: Draw the Blood from a vein and then transferred into the vial. Centrifuge the blood for 10 minutes and Serum is obtained. Separate out the serum in different eppendrofs. The concentration of creatinine is calculated in the serum sample using the Jaffe’s method, as follows: In a clean dry test tube add 0.5 ml distilled water (blank) or serum (test), add 0.5 ml NaOH and then 0.5 ml picric acid. Mix all the contents of each tube. Left to stand for 15 minutes. The absorbance is measured at ÃŽ »max 500 nm. If a standard creatinine solution (0.55 mg/dl) has an absorbance value of 0.30, then the concentration of creatinine in the provided serum sample is calculated by using the following equation: Ctest = Cstd x 3.5 Estimation of Urinary Albumin Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of rat albumin in serum, plasma or urine. Other biological fluids that contain Rat Albumin, such as faeces or saliva, may be suitable samples. 3.5.1 Principle: The antigen present in urine sample are allowed to stick to a poly vinyl and then plate is washed to separate antigen and antibodies from remaining sample components. To this plate a corresponding second antibody is added to get fixed to the already adhered first antigen in the plate. To this added second antibody, an enzyme is also tagged is that, when a suitable substrate is added, the enzyme reacts with it to produce a colour. This colour produced is measurable as a function or quantity of antigen present in the urine sample and there by identified. 3.5.2 Chemical and material required: 96-well plate ELISA Coating Buffer ELISA Wash Solution ELISA Blocking Buffer Sample/Conjugate Diluent (ELISA Blocking Buffer + Tween 20) 10% Tween 20 Enzyme Substrate, TMB ELISA Stop Solution Additional Materials Required: Ultrapure water Precision pipettors, with disposable plastic tips Polypropylene, polyethylene or glass tubes to prepare standard and samples Containers to prepare buffers An aspiration device or an automated 96-well plate washer Disposable reagent reservoirs A standard microtiter plate reader for measuring absorbance at 450 nm 3.5.3 Procedure: Added 100  µl of diluted coating antibody to each well. Samples were run in duplicate. Incubated at room temperature (20-25 C) for 1 hour. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 200  µl of Blocking Solution to each well. Incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 100  µl of standard or sample to well. Incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 100  µl of diluted HRP detection antibody to each well. Incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 100  µl of TMB Substrate Solution to each well. Developed the plate in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes. Reaction was stopped by adding 100  µl of Stop Solution to each well. Absorbance was measured on a plate reader at 450 nm. 3.5.4 Precautions: Store all reagents at 2-8 ºC. Do not freeze reagents. All reagents must be at room temperature (20-25  ºC) before use. Vigorous plate washing is essential. Use new disposable pipette tips for each transfer to avoid cross-contamination. Minimize lag time between wash steps to ensure the plate does not become Completely dry during the assay. Avoid microbial contamination of reagents and equipment. Automated plate Washers can easily become contaminated thereby causing assay variability. Take care not to contaminate the TMB Solution. Do not expose TMB Substrate solution to glass, foils, or metal. If the solution is blue before use, do not use it 3.6 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Rats are fasted overnight (12-16 hours) before the test, sedated rats, will be given 50 % dextrose (3ml/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. Whole blood will be collected from the tail vein at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the administered of glucose for the measurement of glucose with a glucometer. 3.6.1 Material Required: Glucometer and glucose strips Dextrose Gauge needles Timer and Pen Table of mice for record keeping of glucose values 3.6.2 Preparations before the test: Weigh the animals before the test. The animals are fasted overnight (approximately 16 hours: 5 pm to 9 am). Place each of the animals in a separate fresh cage with no food, but make sure they have water bottles. Make sure that there is no activity in the animal room before and while you are performing the test. Prepare the glucose solution the night before the test. 3.6.3 Procedure: After the overnight fast, blood glucose was determined (time 0) in a drop of blood as following: Rats were placed on top of the cage (let it hold onto the grid). The tail tip was pricked with a needle, wiped off the tail tip with gauze, and the next drop of blood was used for the determination of glucose with a glucometer. Glucose solution was given orally. Blood glucose was determined at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of glucose. For the determination of glucose at each of these time points collected a drop of blood as following: wiped the cut end of the tail to break any blood clot that had formed and collected the next drop of blood. If the blood does not appear spontaneously â€Å"milk† the tail by holding the tail between your thumb and index finger and move along the tail from the base of the tail to the tip of the tail while applying gentle pressure. 3.7 Assessment of Renal Histopathological Injury 3.7.1 Tissue preparation for histology: After 8 weeks the rats were weighed, sacrificed out in accordance to the Institutional animal ethics committee by using suitable anaesthetic agent (Ketamine) and their kidneys were taken out. Left kidneys were perfusion fixed for Histopathological and IHC studies and right kidneys were freezed immediately for western blotting and RT-PCR. Preparation of paraffin blocks of kidney: Kidneys were preserved in Para- formaldehyde is taken out in a glass slab for sectioning. A two cross section of upper half of kidney was done with sterile blade for paraffin embedding. The whole process for preparation of paraffin blocks took two days. Day first: The Formalin fixed kidneys were picked up and place in plastic cassettes was sequentially dipped in alcohol for dehydration. The schedule is as followed: 50% Alcohol →1.5hrs 70%Alcohol →1 hrs. 80% Alcohol →1 hrs. 90% Alcohol →1hrs 100% Alcohol →1hrs (twice) The cassette containing the tissue was left overnight in 100% absolute alcohol. Day Second: On 2nd day we perform the following treatment to tissue containing cassette Cassette was removed from 100% alcohol and dipped for CHCl3 treatments Chloroform (A) 1.5 hours. Chloroform (B) 1.5 hours. Chloroform (C) 1.5 hours. The cassette was then kept in melted paraffin wax (at 58 °C 65 °C in water bath) following two changes of paraffin wax for proper blocking. The steel chocks are kept at the 65 °C electronic heater and the paraffin treated kidney in plastic cassettes are opened and place in pre-heated steel chocks together with melted paraffin wax and closed with cassette. Block was kept at room temperature to solidify the melted wax. The paraffin block containing tissue was sectioned with microtome. The block was fit properly in the Microtome machine 5 µ sections were cut. 3.8 Periodic Schiff’s Acid (PAS) Staining 3.8.1 Principle: PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) is a method of staining used for the detection of polysaccharides i.e., glycogen and mucosubstances that is glycoprotein’s and glycolipids. PAS stain is a histochemical reaction. In the reaction, periodic acid oxidises vicinal diols in these sugar. It oxidized the aldehyde formed by carbon-carbon bonding that react with fuchsin-sulphurous acid and forms the magenta colour. This periodic acid exposes the glycogen to give a colouring product. The Schiff’s reagent is a very specific agent that only reacts with the carboxylic group compounds. Material required: Glass slides and cover slips Poly Lysine (Sigma Aldrich, USA) Xylene Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) Periodic acid Schiff Reagent Haematoxylin Acid alcohol (1% HCl in 70% alcohol) DPX mountant 3.8.3 Protocol for PAS Staining: Keep the Poly-Lysine coated slides on hot plate for 15-20 min. Dip in warm Xylene for 10 min twice. Pass the slide through graded alcohol 100% alcohol- (10 minutes) twice 90% alcohol (5 minutes) 70% alcohol (5 minutes) 50% alcohol (5 minutes) 30% alcohol (5 minutes) Dip in distilled water for 5 min. Place the slide containing section into 0.5 % Periodic acid for 5 minutes. Rinse with distilled water. Schiff Reagent was added for 10 min until deep magenta colour appear. Wash in running tap water for 5 min. Counter stain in haematoxylin Rinse with distilled water. If high stain come, then wash with acid alcohol (1% HCl+70% alcohol) Wash the slide in tap water. Dehydrate in alcohol, and dry the slides. After drying mount the slides by DPX mountant. Masson’s Trichrome Staining 3.9.1 Principle: MT Staining method is used to demonstrate the increase of collagen in diseases. This method of staining uses three dyes of contrasting colours for the selective staining of basic tissue components i.e., muscle, collagen fibers, fibrin, and erythrocytes. The general phenomenon of trichome staining is that smallest dye molecule colours or stains the less porous tissues. However, the penetration of dye of larger molecular size is depends on the expense of small molecules. Some others suggests that the acid dye firstly stained the tissue then the Biebrich Scarlet will binds with the acidophilic components of the tissue, after which when treated with the phosphor acids, the components that are less permeable will retain the red colour, because of the collagen this red colour is pulled out and at the same point of time causing a link with the collagen to bind with the aniline blue. . At the outset it must be made clear that the methods control how ionised acid dyes react with ionised basic tissues. 3.9.2 Material required: Bouin’s solution Xylene Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) Weigert’s iron hematoxylin solution Biebrich scarlet acid fusin phosphomolybedic-phosphotungustic acid solution Aniline blue solution 3.9.3 Protocol for MT Staining: Keep the Poly-Lysine coated slides on hot plate for 15-20 min. Dip in warm Xylene for 10 min twice. Pass the slide through graded alcohol 100% alcohol- (10 minutes) twice 90% alcohol (5 minutes) 70% alcohol (5 minutes) 50% alcohol (5 minutes) 30% alcohol (5 minutes) Dip in distilled water for 5 min. For formalin fixed tissue, re-fix in Bouin’s Solution for 30 minutes to 1 hr. at 56 ºC to improve the staining quality although this step is not necessary. Rinse in running tap water for 5-10 minutes to remove the yellow color. Stain in Weigert’s iron hematoxylin working solution for 10 minutes. Rinse in running warm tap water for 10 minutes. Wash in D/W Stain with Biebrich Scarlet Acid Fusin for 5 minutes. Differentiate in phosphophosphomolybedic-phosphotungustic acid solution for 10-15 minutes. Transfer the section directly (without rinse) to aniline blue solution and stain for 5-10 minutes. Rinse directly in D/W and differentiate in 1% Acetic acid solution for 2 minutes. Rinse slides, dehydrate through Alcohol Clean slides in xylene Mount with DPX mountant. NoteNuclei-Black, Muscle Fibre-Red, Collagen-Blue, Cytoplasm-Red Modified Immunohistochemistry 3.10.1 Principle: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the process whereby antibodies are used to detect proteins (antigens) in cells within a tissue section (for instance liver, pancreas or the heart). Immunohistochemistry exploits the principle that in biological tissues antibody binds to the specific antigens. This tool is used to localize specific antigens in tissue sections with labelled antibodies based on antigen-antibody interactions. This antigen-antibody interaction can be visualized in number of ways i.e., the immune reactive products can be visualized by a marker including fluorescent dyes, enzymes in general; radioactive elements or colloidal gold. This IHC technique is widely used by the researcher in basic research for understanding the differentially expressed proteins and for the localization and distribution of biomarkers in different- different parts of biological tissues. 3.10.2 Material required: Poly-Lysine coated slide. Xylene 1X- PBS buffer.(Sigma Aldrich Inc., USA) Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) DPX mountant for microscopy Acid alcohol (1% HCl in 70% alcohol) citrate buffer Sodium Borohydrate Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking solution Primary antibody Secondary antibody Streptovidin HRP 3.10.3 Protocol for Modified Immunohistochemistry: Cut the section of 3 to 5  µm. Warm the slide on hot plate (55 °c) for 30’. Dip the slide in warm Xylene twice for 10 minutes. Wash the slides three times in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each. Dehydration using 100% Alcohol twice for 10 minutes each and 90, 80, 40, 50 and 30 percent for 5’ each in coupling jar. Wash thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each. Antigen retrieval -10 minutes for 98 °c in citrate buffer pH-6 (Note: 0.294 gm in 100 ml MQ with pH=6, 1 10mm citrate buffer) Here we are using pressure cooker for Antigen retrieval Cool the citrate Buffer slides. Give the Sodium Borohydrate treatment in coupling jar (To remove Background). (Dark Condition) (Note:- 1% NaBH4) Wash slides thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minute each. Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking (3% H2O2 in Methanol or water –Dip the slides in it and keep it for 30’). Wash thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each. Blocking solution[0.3% Triton X and 5% sheep serum in 1xPBS or 1xTBS] For 2ml (6 µl Triton, 100  µl sheep serum, 19 of 94  µl (1xPBS or 1xTBS)) 14. Blocking for 30minutes at 37 °c in lab (some time 1hour also) Wash the slides thrice in TBS or PBS for 5’ each. Primary antibody in TBS or PBS solution, left overnight at 4 °c (Note: 1:200 dilution for fibronectin 1:500 dilution of Collagen IV). Wash the slides thrice in 1xTBS or 1xPBS Secondary antibody added on slide and keep it for 30’ to 1hour. But parafilm on it. (Note: 1:200 dilution) Wash the slide thrice in 1xTBSor 1XPBS for 5 minutes. Streptovidin HRP (1:200) in 1xTBS or 1xPBS for 20 minutes at Room temperature. Three wash in 1xTBS 5 minutes each. DAB (Till color in Brown) (15 minutes) 23.1xPBS (5minutes) wash 24. Counterstain for 30 seconds with Hematoxylene (Directly put on slide) 25. 1xTBS or PBS immediate wash 26. Dehydrate and dry and mount

Maori Land Issues :: essays papers

Maori Land Issues It^s a known fact that land issues have always been a major topic within Maori and Pakeha race relations in New Zealand. The disputes go back to the 1800 when the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840. According to the second article of the Treaty, land could only be sold to the Crown if the owners wished to sell them. Disputes over the government^s attempts to buy more land at very cheap prices that were below the value of the land was one of the many reasons that led to the New Zealand Wars in the 185os and 1860s. As a result of the wars, under the New Zealand Settlement Act in 1863, 800,000 hectares of Maori land was confiscated by the government as a punishment for those tribes who opposed the government. Bitterness over the land the Maori people lost and sorrow over the people who lost their lives made an ugly scar in the history of race relations in Aotearoa. With the Native Lands Act in 1862 individual purchase of Maori land was allowed. Although the confiscations caused bitterness and resentment among those affected tribes, the work of The Native Land Court led to far more land being lost, and this affected all tribes. The Native Land Court was set up in 1865 with the intention of getting rid of the communal ownerships of Maori land which was called individualisation so it could be sold more easily. The Court had the intended effect: land sales continues at an increasing rate. By 1911 only 10% of New Zealand^s 66 million acres remained in Maori hands. In 1900 James Carroll, the first Maori Minister of Native Affairs, passed a notable piece of legislation: a Maori Land Administration Act which set up a Council which was based on Carroll^s ^taihoa^ (wait and see) delaying policies. In the Council, Maori owners were in majority, to administer the lease of Maori land. The Council leased but sold very little land and this caused settler discontent and in 1905, the Council were replaced by a European dominated Boards. By the end of the Liberal^s time in office in 1912, a further 3 million acres of Maori land had been sold. Also Sir Apirana Ngata worked with James Carrolls on the Maori Councils Act in 1900. After the Act failed to help Maori people, Ngata decided that the best way he could change laws and policies that affected Maori was through parliament. In 1905 he won the seat for Eastern Maori. As an MP Ngata could

The Injustice of Female Genital Mutilation :: essays research papers fc

The horror of female genital mutilation is a global issue, and it is also one surprising foreign to Americans although an estimated ten thousand girls in the United States are currently at risk of this operation (Sarkis par. 1). This is a cultural practice that is both unethical and incredibly detrimental to its victims besides obviously being in direct violation of basic human rights. In order to attain a broader view of this issue the following will be examined: basic information about this practice, organizations fighting it, current news pertaining to it, recent academic articles evaluating it, and the question of how it can be stopped. FGM has recently been receiving growing media attention due to the controversy surrounding it, but the newfound attention is also in hopes that widespread awareness will bring about change. Female genital mutilation, or FGM when abbreviated, is also known as female circumcision, but this practice is far more drastic than male circumcision and is actually more comparable to a surgery in males where the entire penis is removed (Sarkis par. 4). FGM is classified into three different categories based on the extent of the procedure, but it usually entails the removal or the clitoris and/or the adjacent labia. The third degree of FGM is so severe that the female must be cut open to engage in sexual intercourse from that point on (Sarkis par. 5). This surgery is commonly performed in unsanitary conditions with unclean sharp tools like razor blades, kitchen knives, scissors, and pieces of glass (Sarkis par. 6). Female children usually undergo this procedure at three years of age (Sarkis par. 10). Sarkis also states, â€Å"Besides the obvious initial pains of the operations, FGM has long-term physiological, sexual, and psychological effects† (par. 7). It is done for a number of reasons ranging from the prevention of marital infidelity to using it as a cultural rite of passage, but more numerous than the reasons behind it are the countries that partake in it. FGM is most common in Middle Eastern countries and throughout Africa (Sarkis par. 2). FGM is by no means a one-dimensional problem or something that can be recovered from. It is, most significantly, a life-altering procedure. One of the major groups fighting FGM is The Female Genital Mutilation Education and Networking Project. It focuses primarily on the â€Å"knowledge is power† aspect, meaning that it concentrates more on educating the population of FGM in an effort to bring reform instead of direct actions.