Identification of Hazards Associated With Shift Work

Identification of Hazards Associated With Shift Work Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction Modern society has acquired rapid changes that have been shaped and dominated by economic and productivity strategies, as well as human behaviour on individual, social and professional perspectives. The 24-hour society’ represents a platform whereby time constraints, that previously used to limit human activities, have been lifted in order to balance the essential and urgent needs of the society at any given moment, irrespective of day or night. Therefore, a comprehensive management of the working time is a key issue as it is the first and foremost instrument that bridges human capacity with production means (Costa, 2003). Shift work has become a very important and fundamental structure part of the modern society as it sustains a continuous mechanism in the production and implementation of services on a national scale. It includes various professions such as health care, law enforcement services, fire and rescue services, electrical utilities and transportation (Wright et al., 2012). In the past few decades, the global population has witnessed a significant rise (Zhao and Turner, 2008). Accordingly, the demand for these basic services has amplified leading to an expansion in the availability of such services to the general population. This means that the need for broadening the scope of shift work has intensified. More attention, measures, human and technological resources have been devoted to shift work. As medical assistance has to be made available to the population round the clock, health care, on a global aspect, remains one of the high-priority work sectors in society (Zhao et al., 2010). The duty of the health care system comprises the provision of medical service to the sick and injured people through application of science, knowledge, skills, expertise and latest technology available (Chakravarthy Battu, 2014). It is expected that a healthy and psychologically balanced workforce is of ample importance in maintaining an efficient health care system (Shree, 2012). Mauritian nurses provide health services in hospitals, clinics and other health care facilities in order to meet and satisfy the health needs of the population in emergency, in-ward, out-patient, and day-time and specialist clinics (Shree, 2012). Shift work is considered to be an essential schedule for the majority of health care personnel. A unique work practice environment is created. It is clearly established that nurses are among the first and major representatives in the line of staff constituting the health care personnel (Ahsan et al., 2009; Chakravarthy Battu, 2014). The nature of their duty is associated with a round the clock rendering of health care service. Hence they have to work during the day and night as per a shift system (Deori, 2012). In the process of administering such a service, and taking into account the high demands involved, shift work can have adverse effect on the nurses and their health, which will reflect directly on the efficiency of the health care sy stem (Kecklund Harma, 2010). This is directly associated with the quality of medical services from which the population benefits. Ultimately, a proper functioning of the system depends largely on the work productivity of nurses, of which shift work is a core element. A thorough investigation on the nurses and their shift system paves the way to obtain a clear picture concerning their health, work productivity, problems associated with their profession, as well as certain issues, owing to their occupation, that impact on their private life. 1.1 Problem statement Nurses represent a vital part of the hospital staff. Being the main driving force, they serve as role models while delivering patient care. Shift work represents a challenge as it is the core structure which supports the work of nurses. Be that as it may, shift work can be the cause of many physical, psychological and social effects on the life of the worker and disrupt the well-functioning of the organisation (Jahromi et al., 2013). Night shift can undoubtedly pose certain problems by compromising with their health and their safety. One of the main effects of shift work is the disruption of the internal body clock (circadian rhythms) and associated sleeping difficulties (Boughattas et al., 2014; AlMetrek, 2014). As stated by Vijayalaxmi (2014), as a result, fatigue, performance deficits, slowed physical and mental reaction time arise. Eventually an increase in errors and accidents is more likely to happen. Shift work is strongly associated with health effects such as gastrointestinal diseases (Pati et al., 2001) and problems of the female reproductive system (Knudtson and Brzyski, 2013). Non-medical issues arising as a consequence of shift work influence social and family life (Costa, 2003; Finn, 1981) to a wide extent, thus causing major problems. Roland (2014) has implicated shift work as a noteworthy source of stress for nurses associated with poor performance. These effects obviously do not happen to all shift workers and with proper management. Hence the risks and instance of complications can be minimised. In the case of Mauritius, no valid study on shift work concerning the safety and health of nurses has been performed. Up to the present time, the health, sleep and well-being of nurses have not been considered as an occupational safety and health issue within Mauritius. It has not been thoroughly investigated and little information is available about their current situation. Therefore it is important to have a greater understanding of the impact of shift work on our health care workforce. By analysing the conditions of shift work as wellbeing of the nurses, information will be acquired pertaining to their physical and mental states. The study will provide valuable report about their views, opinions and suggestions with regard to the system of shift work. Further, the study serves as unique platform to channel, classify and simplify the health problems of the nurses in a systematic manner. Moreover, the survey will help to identify weak points and flaws of the existing shift system in Mauritius, because of which, the health of nurses is directly affected. Hence, potential methods to combat the health problems can be worked out for the sake of improving their condition and ameliorate their performance on a professional level. 1.2 Aim and objectives of study The study will introduce an occupational safety and health (OSH) perspective to shift work by systematically identifying the hazards associated with shift work. In general, the aim of the study is to analyse how shift work can have an impact on nurses’ safety and health in the health care sector by achieving some of the objectives set for this study. The objectives of the study are: To analyse which health effects are the most common among nurses as a consequence of working shift. To examine the most practiced shift work schedule in the hospital. To what extent shift work causes stress among nurses. To analyse whether shift work affect the social and family life of nurses. To come up with appropriate recommendations to address health and family problems identified during the course of the study. 1.3 Outline of study The study will then proceed with the following chapters Chapter 2: Literature review It contains a comprehensive review of the literature related to the study under investigation. It consists of theories relevant to the problem drawn out and provides definitions to ensure uniformity and understanding of the different terms throughout the dissertation. Chapter 3: Methodology It presents the research methodology and procedures used to gather data for the study. The different measuring tools are outlined and the different variables they assess are explained. Chapter 4: Results and data analysis The results of the analysis and findings which have emerged are outlined in this chapter. It consists of detailed descriptions derived from the data obtained through the survey and it also displays data visually, using a number of different formats, such as tables, bar charts, pie charts and others. Chapter 5: Discussion The results obtained from surveys will be interpreted with regards to the literature review. Chapter 6: Recommendation This chapter contains the recommendations of the study which addresses the limitations present in the research and proposes some measures. This allows incorporating the information generated by the study. 1.4 An overview of the health sector in Mauritius Mauritius is among one of the few countries in the world where health care is provided free of charge at the point of use to the entire population (Kassean Juwaheer, 2010). Under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life of Mauritius (MOH QOL), a regionalized system of health services operates in the country in order to support an extensive network of accessible health care institutions and ensure that a competent health service is delivered to the Mauritian population. Being the employer of the public health system, the MHQOL coordinates the performance of all the staff working under its auspice (Health Statistics Report Mauritius, 2013). Source: Health Statistics Report of Mauritius (2013) According to the World Health Cooperation Strategy of Mauritius (2008-2013), health care system of Mauritius operates on 3 levels. 1.4.1 Primary Level These peripheral health units are the first points of contact. Basic services offered include treatment of common injuries and diseases, maternal and child care and family planning. Upon necessity, cases are referred from these centres to regional or specialized hospitals for further investigation follow up and care of specialist doctors (WHO Cooperation Strategy Mauritius, 2008-2013). 1.4.2 Secondary Level Curative health services are delivered through the two hospitals at the district level. The five regional hospitals provide services which include accident and emergency services, general medicine, general and specialized surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, chest medicine, orthopedics, traumatology, pediatrics and intensive care services. Radiotherapy services are provided at Victoria Hospital. The ‘Service d’Aide Medicale d’Urgence’ (SAMU) is attached to each Accident Emergency Department and operates on a 24-hour basis (WHO Cooperation Strategy Mauritus, 2008-2013). 1.4.3 Tertiary Level It is the highest level. Specialized health care is available at these five hospitals. All of them operate on a 24-hour basis. Complicated cases are referred to these centres for further management. The Brown Sequard Mental Health Care Centre is a psychiatric hospital with 803 beds. The Poudre D’or Hospital is a Centre where severe chest diseases are treated. It also serves as quarantine for tuberculosis patients. The S. Bharati Eye Hospital is responsible for treating complicated eye diseases and carrying out major and minor ophthalmic surgeries. At the Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, conservative management as well as a wide range of surgeries is accomplished. The Cardiac Centre is a 53-bedded institution, specialized in cardiac surgery and invasive cardiology. It also provides a neurosurgical service.

Cohesion and division in Australia during World War 2 Essay

Unlike the First World War which caused large social divisions within society over conflicting issues, Australia’s involvement in the Second World War served to create a sense of cohesion rather than division. There was a sense of national unity to provide support for Britain at the beginning of the war and as the threat of a Japanese invasion increased, so did this sense of unity. However as the war progressed, Australia became more independent from Britain and was prepared to act in its own interests to protect Australia. The general sense of cohesion was challenged by divisive elements such as the treatment of aliens, increase in federal power and the presence of the United States and Americans in Australia. However the inspiring leadership of John Curtin, public perception towards the war and the influence of government propaganda created stronger cohesion and unity despite the divisive factors. Australia’s initial involvement in the war was due to a sense of loyalt y to Great Britain as a member of the British Empire. Therefore when Great Britain declared war upon Germany on September 1st 1939, so too would Australia two days later. Supporting Britain in the war was viewed as Australia’s ‘melancholy duty’ and although it helped Australia’s economy and provided jobs for many as well as uniting many patriots including former and current soldiers, it also caused divisions in public opinion in regards to the war, especially those concerning conscription and opposition to the war. These members of society believed that the war was constitutionally wrong. Many of these divisive opinions were only present during the ‘phoney war’ period when Australia was not directly threatened by the war. However the fall and occupation of Singapore by the Japanese in 1942 as well as the failure of the Singapore Strategy, coupled with the bombing of Darwin destroyed any significant opposition towards the war and was a major turning point for Australia. The fall of Singapore and the threat of the Japanese invasion showed Australia the reality of the war and silenced many of the voices which previously spoke out against it; voices which now recognised the necessity of conscription and the war effort in order to defend Australia. Prior to the war, there was a constant debate and split opinions over the issue of conscription in the government. The new threat of the  Japanese enabled John Curtin to convince the various government parties, along with the majority of Australia’s population to accept limited conscription with an ease that would have been impossible during the First World War in order to defend Australia against the direct threat of the ‘Yellow Peril’. Curtin’s moderation and leadership served to unite Australians in a way which previous governments had failed in this time of crisis ‘It is now work and fight as we have never worked and fought before.’- John Curtin 1942. The threat of the Japanese also helped Australia realise how isolated it was in the pacific region and the marginal extent of Britain’s capacity to defend it given their preoccupation with the war in Europe. Curtin thus decided that Australia needed to place its own safety and defence first, putting Curtin at loggerheads with Churchill. Churchill wanted Australian soldiers to continue fighting in the war but Curtin insisted on their return to Australia, succeeding after much resistance from Churchill. Australia took one step further and accepted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act in 1942 which enabled them to adopt their own foreign policy. Australia would then rely heavily on America instead of Britain because of how more readily equipped they were to deal with the growing tensions in the pacific region, resulting in a strained relationship between Great Britain and Australia. However this new alliance with America would cause strains and divisions in Australian society as the American presence increased in Australia. Australia’s new dependence on America resulted in a large influx of American soldiers to Australia and while Australian society was initially accepting and welcoming of their unorthodox culture, behaviours and morals, this quickly turned to contempt and created an unsavoury relationship between Australians and Americans whom they saw as being a bad influence on the women and youth of Australia. Australians regarded Americans as being, â€Å"overpaid, oversexed and over-here†. However, while this had the possibility to cause influential divides in society, Australians realised the necessity for the American presence in their country and the security they had provided, overruling any irritation felt towards them. The Australian war effort in the pacific regions had also served to amplify and fuel the ‘Anzac legend’ creating a national sense of pride and unity during the war. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War thus served to create a more independent Australia, in charge of its own  policies and decisions in foreign affairs, creating cohesion within society. Along with the American presence, Australia’s treatment of aliens also had the potential to cause considerable divisions. When war broke out, many foreigners, mostly Germans, and other ‘dangerous persons were made to prove their identity and placed under strict rules which they had to adhere to in order to live in Australia. However it was not the government, but the Australian opinion towards foreigners which threatened social divide. Come 1939 and the War, Australia still had a strong racist tinge and there was widespread unease and hostility towards many foreigners. The groups most subject to this racism were German Jews, others escaping the Nazi regime and Asian immigrants. Australians did not trust them and questioned their motives. Distinctions were eventually made between ‘refugee’ aliens and ‘enemy’ foreigners but their reaction to the arrival of foreigners in their country threatened the cohesion and peace in society by creating a divide between immigrants and Australians. Australia’s involvement in the war also affected the economy domestically with the need for rationing being introduced, as well as an increased female work force. As the war progressed, the governments control on the activity of Australians increased as the demands for the war increased. Queues began to form for commodities and shortages began to develop. The amount of fuel to be consumed by the public and business were also stringently controlled and the rationing of household commodities would begin in 1942. However Curtin and his government believed that the effects of the rationing would only serve to increase the resolve and discipline of Australians during this period of conflict, uniting them to work together as a nation to overcome these difficulties, deepening the cohesion within society and encouraging a more thorough commitment to the war effort. â€Å"The great challenge today is to each individual – not to the other fellow – to forget self and order his or her life for the welfare of the nation.† – John Curtin However there were some divisive elements to the rationing as black market goods such as liquor and other luxury goods flourished. Few Australians did not frequent the black market and to the trade union movement this fuelled their belief that sacrifices were not being made equally. Despite this, there was an overall sense of unity through the rationing as Australians banded together to overcome the tumultuous times. The increased female work force was due to  the ever growing amount of men being drafted into the military, creating vacant positions in various industries, with thousands working in factories making munitions. Others joined the Women’s Land Army which aided in overcoming serious labour shortages around the nation. These women played an important role in agriculture an d other industries, allowing many men to be available for active service. The presence of the women at work showed a strong ‘team-spirit’ in Australia to work together to support the nation creating a strong sense of cohesion. There was also possible division over the issue of the Federal government being granted more power to control the affairs of the nation. The demands of the war would affect every sector of the economy and it became necessary for the government to take more control with the most significant change being the taxes. In order to fund the war, the Federal government had to impose various taxes which would have been unheard of during times of peace. The number of taxpayers increased considerably from 800 000 to two million, which meant people with extremely low incomes were required to pay taxes. However the surprising part of this change was the lack of opposition to it. Under the National Security Act of 1939, the government was allowed to pass regulations without the government which allowed them to have significant control over Australian industry and the activities of Australians during the war. In normal circumstances there would be great resentment and resistance to the Federal governments increase in power but because of the war, Australians understood the unavoidable need for such a step to be taken. There was a growing public sense of the Federal government’s importance and in this way; it created an expanding sense of national identity with the Federal parliament becoming an important symbol of national unity. Therefore any divisions caused by the increase in power were merely superficial and insignificant when compared to the cohesion created because of it. Government propaganda also played a vital role in creating cohesion within Australia’s society during the war. Groups which opposed the war effort were banned such as Communists and Jehovah Witnesses in order to convince the public of the necessity for war. The internment of people of certain nationalities also helped to quash anti-war views. There were also many ‘anti-Japanese’ and ‘anti-German’ campaigns and posters. Such censorship and propaganda served to unite the public to support the government’s war effort, exploiting the patriotic nature of Australians and  sense of duty in order to garner support. Finally, Australia’s overall sense of unity and cohesion can be credited to the immense work of John Curtin during his tenure as Prime Minister of Australia during the Second World War. His decisiveness and inspirational leadership were the driving factors behind Australia’s war effort and the transition made from being Britain’s subordinate to becoming an independent nation. His changes in foreign policy and decision to bring the troops home united Australians and provided them with a new sense of identity and pride and he quickly gained support from a united nation. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War was a journey filled with many potentially divisive elements. However they were ultimately outweighed by the more cohesive ones. Australia was united through a sense of patriotism and national pride to support the war that was unseen during the First World War. The fear of the Japanese invasion created a more independent nation with a stronger international presence. The war also sparked the beginning for an influx of refugees into Australia, transforming it into a more multicultural nation. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War ultimately resulted in unifying Australians with a new and dynamic national identity.

The Insider Secret on Persuasive Essay Topics for 6th Grade Uncovered

The Insider Secret on Persuasive Essay Topics for 6th Grade Uncovered Odds are, other individuals also feel the very same waywhich usually means it would earn a compelling topic for a persuasive speech. Although having the ability to write persuasively can look like a challenging thing for children to learn, remind them that everyone has valid opinions. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. Were you aware that steven. Fifth grade activies since there are a present issues, 2015. In the usa, sixth grade was considered the past year of elementary school or the very first year of middle school. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. School tests aren't powerful. Before you even consider writing your college application essay, you should spend time essaysprofessorscom is an ideal customized essay writing service. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. 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Children watch an excessive amount of television. They should be required to read more. They should be able to use cellphones in school. Persuasive Essay Topics for 6th Grade - Dead or Alive? Think of one school rule that you truly dislike. It may be intriguing to talk about the significance of sports in student's life and tackle a few of the problems that college students face in college. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a specific age. They should be mandatory for the first five years after getting a license. Persuasive Essay Topics for 6th Grade Features When prior brainstorming is finished, you might begin drafting your essay. There are a couple easy guidelines to follow to be able to be in a position to compose a fantastic persuasive essay. It is advised to prevent argument essay topics on moral issues because they don't support logical discussion. Write an essay to back up your view about it. 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As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to be sure their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in agreement with all academic standards. Life, Death, and Persuasive Essay Topics for 6th Grade Training to compose essays on various topics is going to be the very best preparation to the exam. As you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Graded homework helper website.

breast cancer Essay - 1111 Words

Breast Cancer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. The American cancer society estimates that in 2002 about 192,200 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed among women in the U.S. alone. Breast cancer also occurs in men. An estimated 1,500 cases will be diagnosed among men. In 2002, there will be about 40,600 deaths from breast cancer in the United States. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is breast cancer? Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that has developed from cells of the breast. To make it easier I’ll put it this way. When the body needs new cells they will divide or reproduce. Sometimes the cells grow and divide out of control, which creates a mass†¦show more content†¦Look for†¦  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A mass or lump, that feels as small as a pea  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A blood stained or clear fluid discharge from the nipple.  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Redness on the skin on the breast or nipple.  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A marble like hardened area under the skin.  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A change in the size, shape or contour of the breast.  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A change in the feel or appearance of the skin on the breast or nipple.  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An area that is distinctly different from any other area on either breast. There are many Types of breast cancer. The most common types of breast cancer are Infiltration Ductal Carcinoma, this is when the cancer starts in the milk ducts of the breast. Then it breaks through the wall of the duct and invades the fatty tissue of the breasts. This is the most common form of breast cancer. 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