The Injustice of Female Genital Mutilation :: essays research papers fc

The horror of female genital mutilation is a global issue, and it is also one surprising foreign to Americans although an estimated ten thousand girls in the United States are currently at risk of this operation (Sarkis par. 1). This is a cultural practice that is both unethical and incredibly detrimental to its victims besides obviously being in direct violation of basic human rights. In order to attain a broader view of this issue the following will be examined: basic information about this practice, organizations fighting it, current news pertaining to it, recent academic articles evaluating it, and the question of how it can be stopped. FGM has recently been receiving growing media attention due to the controversy surrounding it, but the newfound attention is also in hopes that widespread awareness will bring about change. Female genital mutilation, or FGM when abbreviated, is also known as female circumcision, but this practice is far more drastic than male circumcision and is actually more comparable to a surgery in males where the entire penis is removed (Sarkis par. 4). FGM is classified into three different categories based on the extent of the procedure, but it usually entails the removal or the clitoris and/or the adjacent labia. The third degree of FGM is so severe that the female must be cut open to engage in sexual intercourse from that point on (Sarkis par. 5). This surgery is commonly performed in unsanitary conditions with unclean sharp tools like razor blades, kitchen knives, scissors, and pieces of glass (Sarkis par. 6). Female children usually undergo this procedure at three years of age (Sarkis par. 10). Sarkis also states, â€Å"Besides the obvious initial pains of the operations, FGM has long-term physiological, sexual, and psychological effects† (par. 7). It is done for a number of reasons ranging from the prevention of marital infidelity to using it as a cultural rite of passage, but more numerous than the reasons behind it are the countries that partake in it. FGM is most common in Middle Eastern countries and throughout Africa (Sarkis par. 2). FGM is by no means a one-dimensional problem or something that can be recovered from. It is, most significantly, a life-altering procedure. One of the major groups fighting FGM is The Female Genital Mutilation Education and Networking Project. It focuses primarily on the â€Å"knowledge is power† aspect, meaning that it concentrates more on educating the population of FGM in an effort to bring reform instead of direct actions.

Ways Language To Create Meaning In Dubliners English Literature Essay

The cliches meaning and value as cliche depends on our acknowledging both its perfect imitation, its exact repeat, of the old happenings of its ain words ( to be a cliche , it must be quotable word for word ) and its difference from other possible words that could replace it[ 1 ] Harold F. Mosher Jr defines the importance of cliches and the importance of repeat in a similar manner. He highlights the importance of cliches to ‘perfectly copy ‘ predating events through the usage of repeat. The utilizations of repeat and the significance of words and phrases to copy these predating events will be explored in this essay. The subject of flight is shown in assorted narratives in Dubliners. In ‘The Sisters ‘ , the priest foresees he is ‘not long for this universe ‘ and this persists in Eliza ‘s statement: ‘he ‘s gone to a better universe ‘ and the male childs uncle ‘s recollection that the priest ‘had a great wish ‘ for the male child. In ‘The Dead ‘ , Gabriel wants to go forth ‘on his journey due west ‘ . The repeat of the noun ‘world ‘ suggests an alternate universe the characters wish they can get away to when they die. This alternate universe can be seen as Eden, which the priest ‘wishes ‘ for the male child through priesthood in ‘The Sisters ‘ . The noun ‘journey ‘ in ‘The Dead ‘ may be interpreted to intend a ‘journey ‘ in the way of decease. Escape through matrimony is satirised in ‘A Small Cloud ‘ by Gallaher ‘s statement to Chandler for holding ‘tasted the joys of continual cloud nine ‘ . Gallaher ‘s statement is sarcastic as his passion in life is clear in his comment: ‘I mean to get married money ‘ . The vowel rhyme in this short sentence makes it memorable. Gallaher advises Chandler to ‘go away ‘ ‘to London or Paris ‘ . Here, the flight is non to an alternate universe but to another portion of the universe where he can review and happen amusement in the ‘Moulin Rouge ‘ or ‘Bohemian coffeehouse ‘ . However, Chandler does non experience comfy in come ining Corless ‘s saloon as he feels an ‘agitation ‘ about ‘overmaster [ ing ] ‘ him for the ‘adventure of run intoing Gallaher ‘ or to ‘escape from his small house ‘ or ‘to unrecorded courageously like Gallaher. Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ The contrast of the adjectives ‘little ‘ and ‘bravely ‘ reflect the difference of provinces of head of the two characters. Chandler views himself as ‘little ‘ look up toing Gallaher ‘s bravery but feels ‘agitation ‘ because of the ‘adventure ‘ . This agitation reveals the battle a individual must see in order to get away the province they are in. Irony is shown in Chandler ‘s flight to London with ‘his travelled air, his well-cut tweed suit and unafraid speech pattern ‘ in contrast to the ‘signs of future illustriousness ‘ through his imbibing and borrowing money. The positive linguistic communication ‘well-cut ‘ ‘fearless ‘ and ‘greatness ‘ creates a dark tone to the narrative as the contrast highlights the darkness of his province. One of the most prevailing and well-known motives in Dubliners is the empty promise of flight with its subsequent defeat. Though this motive is frequently repeated in many different signifiers, the act of get awaying the Dublin status in an effort to alter one ‘s life is rarely, if of all time, accomplished by the chief characters. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p54 ) Irony is besides shown in the cultural cliche ‘s in Dubliners. Gallagher ‘s advice to Chandler to get away ennui is through ‘rich Jewesses ‘ in the signifier of ‘dark Oriental eyesaˆÂ ¦fullaˆÂ ¦of passion, of juicy hankering ‘ . The attractive adult female at the saloon in ‘Counterparts ‘ has ‘large dark brown eyes ‘ and Micheal Furey in ‘The Dead ‘ has ‘big dark eyes ‘ . The perennial adjectival ‘dark ‘ emphasises the enigma of ‘Oriental ‘ adult females and ‘big ‘ is besides repeated to reflect the size of difference between the metropolis of Dublin and the flight of an ‘Oriental ‘ topographic point, off from Dublin. The words ‘full ‘ and ‘passion ‘ contrast the empty, passionless life Chandler lives and its attractive force is further emphasised by his ‘longing ‘ for a ‘voluptuous ‘ adult female . Besides, it is dry Chandler wishes his name was more ‘Irish-looking ‘ or if he could do a ‘melancholy tone ‘ or ‘The Gaelic note ‘ which is repeated, but admires the English poet, Lord Byron ‘s verse form ‘ ‘Hushed are the winds'-whose romantic melancholy and linguistic communication have surely become cliches in early twentieth-century Dublin. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher p.56 ) Assorted subjects in Dubliners show cliched linguistic communication. The subject of faith is shown in ‘The Sisters ‘ : ‘God have mercy on his psyche ‘ and ‘he ‘s gone to a better universe ‘ . God is believed to be merciful for the psyche of the dead and the ‘better universe ‘ refers to heaven. The subject of money is shown in different manners in ‘After the Race ‘ : ‘to drama fast and loose ‘ and ‘pots of money ‘ . To play ‘fast and loose ‘ refers to the insignificance of losing money as it is done with velocity and without vacillation while the high significance of money is shown by the sum described through the hyperbole ‘pots ‘ . The subject of drink is shown in different ways in ‘Counterparts ‘ : ‘naming their toxicants ‘ and ‘one small tincture ‘ Drink is shown as ‘poison ‘ which is deadly to a human organic structure but it is contrasted with the undistinguished ‘little tincture ‘ shown in another portion of the narrative. The action in the narratives mirror well-known cliches. In ‘An Encounter, ‘ the male child ‘s fancy for the coloring material green articulation with the empty field mirrors the phrase ‘greener grazing lands over yonder. ‘ In ‘After the Race, ‘ Jimmy ‘s hard place in the back place of the auto and his eventual persecution reflects the look ‘to be taken for a drive. ‘ In ‘The Boarding House, ‘ seductive Polly and persecuted Mr. Doran ‘s prevarication in bed implies ‘you ‘ve made your bed ; now lie in it. ‘ In ‘A Painful Case, ‘ Mr. Duffy ‘s delayed guilt for enduring the loss of Mrs. Sinico might be thought to be an dry dramatisation of the cliched phrase ‘absence makes the bosom grow fonder. ‘ The exasperation of Mrs. Kearney at the terminal of ‘A Mother ‘ could be the dry effect of the stating ‘mother knows best. ‘ ‘The more one thinks of the action of the narratives, the more easy cliches come to mind, merely as the more closely one examines the text of Dubliners, the more apparent go the cliches. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.56 ) The rubric ‘A Little Cloud ‘ is connected to the cliche ‘every cloud has a Ag liner ‘ . This ‘silver run alonging ‘ represents hope of flight of the province Chandler is in by going every bit celebrated as a poet. The word ‘silver ‘ indicates money. The sarcasm of both Chandler ‘s and Gallaher ‘s state of affairss is truly a perennial sarcasm as the significance of the cliche evolves into a dual sarcasm from what appears to be an original metaphor, to the empty cliche , to a new significance created by the cliche become metaphor in its context. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.57 ) Therefore, the significance of cliche ‘s enhances the readers apprehension of the action of the narratives which reflect mundane life. We learn of Chandler ‘s character that he is a down pessimist: He watched the scene and idea of life ; and ( as ever happened when he thought of life ) he became sad. A soft melancholy took ownership of him. He felt how useless it was to fight against luck, this being the load of wisdom which the ages had bequeathed him. The image of Chandler watching the scene and reflecting brings a arrest to the action of the narrative. The words ‘always ‘ and ‘ages ‘ imply his depression is insistent merely as the look ‘thought of life ‘ is repeated. The adjectival ‘sad ‘ is besides repeated through the adjectival ‘melancholy ‘ to underscore his life ‘s dull modus operandi. The adjectival ‘gentle ‘ is dry as his ‘melancholy ‘ is rough because it takes ‘possession of him ‘ . The noun ‘possession ‘ is striking as it implies his province of depression takes entire control over him and the uninterrupted depression is hard to interrupt out of as he feels how ‘useless it was to fight against luck ‘ . The noun ‘wisdom ‘ is satirised as it is normally understood that wisdom is helpful in life but in his instance it is a ‘burden ‘ . On the other manus, Chandler ‘s character can be seen as optimistic at times. Chandler says about his authorship that it is ‘a melancholy tempered by returns of religion and surrender and simple joy ‘ . His unhappiness is toned down by positive emotions such as ‘faith ‘ and ‘joy ‘ . The adjectival ‘melancholy ‘ is repeated three times in the same paragraph and twice at the terminal of the narrative when Chandler reflects on Byron ‘s poesy. However, when Chandler hears the kid ‘s weeping, his pessimism returns. The word ‘useless ‘ is repeated three times in three lines and the statement ‘He was a captive for life ‘ is flooring. Chandler ‘s idea turns from desperation to a hope in authorship and back once more to desperation, but throughout, banal linguistic communication and repeat render his committedness to any stance unconvincing. This ultimate deficiency of dedication is the increase of significance that the permeant cliche and repeat spread in retrospect, if non at first, over all the action. The drawn-out metaphor of desperation is shown through the repeating deficiency of assurance in Chandler. His imbalanced province is revealed in this uninterrupted cliched rhythm of hope, deficiency of hope so trust once more. There is a dual sarcasm in Gallaher ‘s assorted mentalities. He uses cliched linguistic communication: ‘I ‘m traveling to hold my crack foremost and see a spot of life and the universe before I put my caput in the poke ‘ . The sarcasm is shown when Gallaher repeatedly congratulates Chandler for ‘putting his caput in the poke ‘ , guaranting Chandler that Gallaher ‘s ‘best wants ‘ are those of a ‘sincere friend ‘ . The look ‘head in the poke ‘ creates an image of suffocation- Gallaher ‘s metaphor for matrimony. Chandler ‘s state of affairs is mocked through Gallaher ‘s bogus ‘best wants ‘ . ‘Gallaher ‘s impermanent enthusiasm for ( Chandler ‘s ) married life is so made to look insincere by his naming that life ‘stale'aˆÂ ¦The words are filled with significance and so emptied by contradictory 1s or banal linguistic communication in one dry bend after a nother. ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher p.58 ) Cliched linguistic communication can be made undistinguished by dry irony. The subject of money takes a darker tone in Chandlers position. He calls the furniture ‘mean ‘ and ‘pretty ‘ connoting money is attractive but unkind. He repeats these adjectives in depicting his married woman ‘s eyes. Chandler ‘s emptiness is emphasised as he reads poetry more than writes it. Chandler ‘repeated lines to himself and this consoled him. ‘ The ‘repeated lines ‘ mirror the repeated ‘sobbing ‘ in the narrative through the equivalent word ‘cry ‘ and ‘scream ‘ and the adjectival ‘little ‘ is repeated in the rubric ‘A Little Cloud ‘ and Chandlers name has the label ‘Little ‘ . The adjective is besides repeated in ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room ‘ 14 times. But Chandler ‘s name, we recall, carries with it the epithet ‘Little ‘ , and his littleness of spirit and achievement and defeated promise for the hereafter are reiterated like a chorus at the terminal of the narrative by the married woman ‘s application of the adjectival both literally and figuratively ( therefore in consequence duplicating the repeat ) to the little and unfortunate kid, making an dry comparing to the male parent. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p. 59 ) Repeats of words carry significance of actual and nonliteral significances. There are repeats in Dubliners which have topical worth. For illustration, in ‘Counterparts ‘ , the subject of choler is transferred from ‘furiously ‘ to ‘furious ‘ to ‘Blast him ‘ to ‘rage ‘ , to ‘Blast it ‘ to ‘enraged ‘ to ‘revel in force ‘ to ‘bitter and violent ‘ and at the terminal ‘fury ‘ and ‘furiously ‘ . The short and long words create a musical balance with the sound of the words changing. The perennial adverb ‘furiously ‘ contrasts the short words ‘furious ‘ and ‘fury ‘ adding to the beat of the three syllable sentences ‘revel in force ‘ and ‘bitter and violent ‘ . The noun ‘thirst ‘ is besides repeated to reflect his imbibing wonts. Here, so, is a series of perennial words and equivalent word that turns back upon itself, leads nowhere, and as such is a metonymy for Farrington ‘s repetitive occupation and the barbarous disk shape of his life: he works at copying and recopying the same words in order to gain money to still his thirst ( that is, acquire rummy ) but is still thirsty ( that is, he does non acquire rummy ) and must get down all over once more the following twenty-four hours to copy in order to gain money in order to acquire rummy. ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p. 60 ) The repeat of words mirrors the characters insistent life style. The subject of choler connects to the subject of darkness as Farrington is described as ‘dark wine-coloured ‘ and the noun ‘darkness ‘ is repeated in the narrative. Darkness is shown in other narratives in Dubliners such as ‘The Sisters ‘ through the 'empty hearth ‘ . The apposition of ‘dark wine-coloured ‘ high spots the darkness of Farrington ‘s alcoholic job. Besides, the emptiness of the hearth in ‘The Sisters ‘ mirrors the darkness of the narrative. Harold F. Mosher Jr describes darkness ‘as a scene and general status in the universe of DublinersaˆÂ ¦ ‘ ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.60 ) Again, the repeat of words mirrors the drawn-out metaphor which runs throughout Dubliners. The subject of visible radiation is shown in ‘The Dead ‘ as Gabriel ‘s ‘tender fires ‘ is repeated as ‘tender fire ‘ and ‘tender joy ‘ . Besides, Gabriel ‘s ‘dull fires of his lecherousness [ which ] began to turn angrily ‘ reverberations Farrington ‘s state of affairs as the ‘dull fire ‘ could be interpreted as alcohol- a fire he ‘lusts ‘ for which ‘grows angrily ‘ into a dull stoping. Light is shown in a different manner through the character of Gretta as she is described with ‘colour on her cheeks ‘ , ‘rich bronze of her hair ‘ and ‘shining ‘ eyes. Light is shown through the adjectives of the Sun such as ‘bronze ‘ and ‘shining ‘ . The images of light present new hope for their Gabriel and Gretta ‘s relation. Ironically, Gabriel moves from this visible radiation to the darkness outside to the muted visible radiation of the hotel room with his dull lecherousness and choler at the minute when, eventually, visible radiation in a nonliteral sense mornings on him about his relation to Gretta ( as visible radiation mornings partly on Jimmy in ‘After the Race ‘ after the dark of losing money. Subjects are repeated in different signifiers to reflect the state of affairs ‘s of the narratives. There are many contrasts in ‘A Little Cloud ‘ as Chandler feels ‘acutely the contrast between his ain life and his friend ‘s ‘ . Contrasts are besides seen in the scene of the narrative: ‘kindly aureate dust, ‘ ‘gentle melancholy ‘ and ‘golden sundown ‘ . The contrast ‘golden dust ‘ mirrors the apposition ‘dull fire ‘ seen in ‘The Dead ‘ . Here ‘kindly ‘ and ‘gentle ‘ brace away, as does the repeat of ‘golden, ‘ and therefore ‘dust, ‘ ‘melancholy, ‘ and ‘sunset ‘ associate with each other and with the other repeats of ‘melancholy ‘ later in the narrative as indexs of Chandler ‘s province of head and peculiarly of his attitude toward poesy and the possibility it offers for flight from his ‘sober unartistic life ‘ . ( Bosinelli and Mosher, p.61 ) The map of repeat and contrasts has topical significance to exhibit the characters aggravated state of affairs and the emphatic want to fly from their exasperation. The map of cliche ‘s augments the reader ‘s cognition of the action of the narratives which mirror day-to-day life. Cliched words can be made unimportant by dry irony. Repeats of words bear importance of factual and metaphorical significances. The repeat of words reflects the characters repeating life style.

Kellin Quinn Essay

I. Introduction â€Å" I can’t promise that things won’t be broken, but I swear that I will never leave.† -Kellin Quinn. Isn’t that what everyone really wants- what everyone really needs? Not always is a solution to a problem needed. Sometimes we just need someone to help us through our tough times and to help us learn from mistakes that have been made. Kellin Quinn understands this. Not only does he relate to the need to help friends, but Kellin relates to almost all the struggles most teens and, well, pretty much all ages witness. It shows in his music. You see, Kellin Quinn is the singer and pianist of the band Sleeping With Sirens. Their music is about coming from a broken family and how much it hurts because you feel responsible. Difficulties ranging from self-harm to bullying to love are heard in the meaningful lyrics of their songs. Not only do Kellin and the band write about that, but also they have songs that are inspirational, joyful, and that make you want to s mile and appreciate the good in life. II. Caring Kellin is more than just a musical genius; he is one who cares about people as individuals. For example, Marie Fowler was a nineteen year old cancer patient that was diagnosed with only 72 hours to live. Kellin Quinn, her idol, was notified on Twitter and he Skyped her. He told her to be strong and to savor and appreciate the life she has enjoyed. On top of that, Kellin has dedicated his life to music and to make his fans feel better and blissful. He has definitely made my life easier and made me cope well with tragedies. I’m so thankful that I have Sleeping With Sirens in my life. III. Kellin’s Struggles Kellin Quinn’s father left him and his mother when he was young and they had to work hard to pay the bills and to take care of themselves. Kellin was diagnosed with depression and mental disorders because of his difficulties. With a great deal of effort and persistence, he overcame these challenges and is now helping others do the same. Also, Kellin has â€Å"haters† who call him rude and selfish when actually he is the exact opposite. Other negative comments made about him are that he is â€Å"too punk† or that he â€Å"sounds like a girl.† He mostly just ignores the disapproval. Overall, Kellin is a talented and inspirational 26 year old. IV. Impact Kellin Quinn and the band have made my life so much better. I, like many others, have struggled with bullying and many other difficulties. Meaningful music makes these things easier to cope with and Sleeping With Sirens does an amazing job at portraying a message in their lyrics that their fans can relate to. The band has actually saved countless lives. Some teenagers have depression or are struggling in life and feel the need to commit suicide to end his or her pain. In Sleeping With Sirens’ songs, one may notice how the lyrics are meant to make the listener happy and some songs are even specifically written to help self-harmers. â€Å"One day you’ll open your eyes, take a look inside. I just saved your life. Just take a look inside. I hope you know what it’s like for you to be alright. I am for you.† –In Case of Emergency, Dial 411, Sleeping With Sirens. V. Conclusion Overall, Kellin Quinn is an amazing artist who writes and sings about relatable tragedies and moments in his and others’ lives. He is an inspiration to many teenagers, including myself. I will never forget the impact that Kellin as a person and Sleeping With Sirens have had on my life.

“A Secret Lost in the Water” by Roch Carrier Essay

The story â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† by Roch Carrier, is about the importance of valuing something before it is lost. I would recommend this story to others because it conveys a strong reverence for nature on a spiritual level, it teaches the reader to value their elders and appreciate the wisdom and knowledge they pass down, and it treasures the relationship between a father and his son. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† should definitely be read by others because it conveys a strong spiritual veneration for nature. The words â€Å"Piety† and â€Å"Religious† are mentioned whenever the author talks about nature: â€Å"My father opened his pocket and cut the branch he selected with pious care.† This quote expresses the appreciation the father has for living things, and shows the spirituality in his gift by using the word â€Å"pious†. Later on in the story, the father says, â€Å"I’ve just taught you how to find a spring†¦It isn’t something you learn from school.† Through this, I can perceive that practicality is more important to the father than complexity. This story should be read and studied by others because it teaches the reader to value our elders and appreciate the wisdom and knowledge passed down. At the end of story, when the narrator is given a chance to recollect the talent passed down by his father in his early childhood, he struggles to perform the gift. As the narrator fails to hear the gushing water and feel the writhing branch, a fellow farmer says, â€Å"Nowadays fathers can’t pass on anything to the next generation.† This quote is very powerful, since it points directly to a message in the story, â€Å"Nowadays, children aren’t as willing to accept knowledge from their parents.† Also, in Roch’s childhood, the father says, â€Å"A man can get along without arithmetic, but he can never get along without water.† The water is a metaphor describing the skills and lessons his father taught him, and how the gift is vital to their relationship. Soon after, the father mentions that it was something that his father passed on to him, but now it is lost because the narrator claims that â€Å"Somewhere along the roads I had taken from my childhood, I had forgotten my father’s knowledge.† This citation represents the journey mankind is taking today, in the form of a metaphor. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water† illustrates and compares the relationship between a father and his child. Roch’s father taught him a gift â€Å"you can’t learn from school†; and something that his own father taught him. Roch inherited the gift from his father, but lost it as life went on, as mentioned earlier in the essay. In addition, the farmer too experiences this moral, for he has the â€Å"finest farm in the area†, and his children do not want to inherit the farm, in which their father spends his whole life preparing for them. This portrays the social issue in the story, inheritance, and exemplifies the importance of valuing something before it is lost. â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without roots†. â€Å"A Secret Lost in the Water†, by Roch Carrier, is a deep and insightful story that should be used to educate mankind. It delivers a strong admiration for nature, it teaches the reader to respect our elders, appreciate the wisdom and knowledge that is passed down to us, and it illustrates the significance of a relationship between father and son.

Breach of Confidentiality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Breach of Confidentiality - Essay Example It is intended to make sure that a person in possession of confidential information only uses it for purposes for which it was transmitted to him in the first place. The law of confidence can - as opposed to copyright, which is only concerned with the protection of the form in which information, idea or thought is expressed - protect the content of the information, idea or thought. The main function of the law of confidentiality, or an action for breach of confidence, is the prevention of the illegitimate use of confidential information by a recipient of information. A good conceptual springboard to the understanding of the justification for the protection extended to those items which fall within the ambit of confidence, is the notion that something which people are prepared to pay for must be worth protecting and therefore ought to be protected. However, the courts will only enforce properly identified rights that fall within recognised categories known to law. Some of the items that are protected under the law of confidence are those which do not consist of any specific intellectual property rights under patent, design and copyright or even trade marks law. Traditionally, this has been classified into personal information, governmental secrets and trade secrets. (Catherine Colston and Kirsty Middleton Modern Intellectual Proprty Law 2nd Edition) Obviously, the information, in order to receive the protection of the law, must be confidential. To be such, it must not be something which is public property or knowledge. Therefore, information which is in the public domain cannot be confidential. However confidential the circumstances of communication, there can be no breach of confidence in revealing to others something which is already common knowledge. For example, an employer cannot restrain his ex-employee from revealing a secret process to his new employer if that secret process has already been patented by the employer prior to the revelation by the ex-employee, for it is by then already in the public domain (Mustad v Dosen [1963] RPC 41). All that is required, however, is relative, and not absolute (as in the case of a patent specification, where novelty is required) secrecy. The information must be information the release of which the owner believes would be injurious to him or of advantage to his rivals and others. The owner must believe the information is confidential or secret, i.e. not already in the public domain. The owner's believe must be reasonable. The information must be judged in the light of the usage and practices of the particular industry concerned. On the other hand, it is equally clear that the mere fact of the publication of information does not detract

Long term debt alternatives for hospitals Article

Long term debt alternatives for hospitals - Article Example Hospital financing has never been so easy. With lots of options to choose from and government’s encouraging policies to back upon, the financing part of the hospital has become organized and comfortable for all the involved parties.Once the proposed hospital’s capital has been decided, the desired method of the capital funding needs to be determined. In the US hospital industry, approximately 50% of the assets are financed through equity and 50% through debt. Long term debt financing is available from at least four major sources: tax-exempt revenue bonds, Federal Housing Administration insured mortgages, public taxable bonds, and conventional mortgage financing.To obtain debt financing, hospitals must maintain a certain level of financial performance as measured by various ratios of assets to liabilities or income to expenses.The two prominent long term debt alternatives for hospital are:1. Conventional mortgage: A mortgage in which the interest rate does not change during the entire term of the loan and that is not insured or guaranteed by the government. Interest rate is the rate which is charged or paid for the use of money. An interest rat e is often expressed as an annual percentage of the principal. It is calculated by dividing the amount of interest by the amount of principal. Interest rates often change as a result of inflation and Federal Reserve policies. For example, if a lender (such as a bank) charges a customer $90 in a year on a loan of $1000, then the interest rate would be 90/1000 *100% = 9%. 90/1000 *100% = 9%. Lenders typically require a down payment of at least 20 percent on a conventional loan, although you can get a loan with a down payment of 3 percent or even less if you are willing to pay private mortgage insurance (PMI). PMI protects the lender if the owner defaults on the loan. Conventional mortgage loans are typically fully amortizing, meaning that the regular principal and interest payment will pay off the loan in the number of payments stipulated on the note. Most conventional mortgages have time frames of 15-to-30 years and may be either fixed-rate or adjustable. While most mortgages require monthly payments of principal and interest, some lenders also offer interest-only and biweekly payment options. 2. Taxable bonds Over the past 15 years, hospitals have invested large sums of money in physician practices and various joint ventures with physician groups. However, these funds come with a catch: control over whatever the hospital has invested in typically is required to stay with the hospital. In many cases, this has created a lot of tension between the two entities -- and this is where bond financing comes in to play. Bonds carry lower rates of interest than bank loans and permit physicians to retain control over their operations. Bonds are a form of debt which has a principal amount (or par value) payable at maturity and bears interest (the coupon rate) payable at certain intervals. Bonds are similar to loans from a bank, except that bonds are typically longer in maturity (20 to 30 years) and are usually sold to third-party investors. Bonds can be taxable or tax-exempt depending on the tax status of the borrowing entity. A not-for-profit 501(c)(3) hospital can borrow on a tax-exempt basis (which affords lower interest rates) due to its nonprofit tax status, whereas, for-profit, private physician groups borrow on a taxable basis. Taxable bonds are issued by a physician group and sold to investors (by the group's investment banker) based on the promise of the group to repay the principal of the bonds and all interest. Since third-party investors will probably not be familiar with the particular physician group, a commercial bank with a good credit rating serves as an intermediary to provide a credit and liquidity guaranty to the investors. The bank then

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 306 Essay - 2

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 306 - Essay Example Moreover, alliance with brands like Coca-Cola and Gerber has also boosted the market presence of Atlantic Quench. The marketing plan for the concerned firm focuses on developing a new product for entering the mass consumer market and providing the consumers a cheaper alternative against highly priced pure juices. With an aim to sell 250000 units of 250 ml tetra packs of the new product, Atlantic Quench will begin by streamlining the functional aspects of the company to reduce their cost. The product introduction is developed with differentiation focus and the control of the marketing activities will focus on cost leadership. Based on this, the price skimming has been selected as the pricing strategy. The budget developed also reflects the estimated earnings and expenses for the new product segment of Atlantic Quench in the next 4 years. With appropriate market presence and brand development activities for creating consumer awareness, Atlantic Quench can enter the global market of jui ce and nectar segment. Atlantic Quench operates in the fruit industry mainly in its home market i.e. US and is a co-operative business process. Established in the year 1934, the co-operative has become one of the most famous brands in agricultural product market with their extensive and highly demanded product base. Jointly owned by 630 cranberry and 46 grape fruit farmers, the production channel of the company is also steady and growing. As the co-operative saw the demand of their products growing in the market, they entered the retail sector with bottled fruit juices. However, the primary concern of the business is related to control its growth in an organised manner and also ensure a good relationship with the farmers. In order to overcome the financial crunch, Atlantic Quench CEO Chuck Berry decided to develop the brand of the company by converting into a full-fledged business houses. Atlantic